diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 5b2773f..cdcae94 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1030,6 +1030,23 @@ dependencies = [
  "serde_json",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "oxide_builtins"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "chrono",
+ "fast-float",
+ "indexmap",
+ "memchr",
+ "oxide_kernel",
+ "oxide_runtime_api",
+ "oxide_types",
+ "regex",
+ "ryu",
+ "serde_json",
+ "unicode-normalization",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "oxide_bytecode"
 version = "0.1.0"
@@ -1107,6 +1124,7 @@ version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
  "oxide_kernel",
  "oxide_types",
+ "ryu",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -1143,6 +1161,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "fast-float",
  "indexmap",
  "memchr",
+ "oxide_builtins",
  "oxide_bytecode",
  "oxide_compiler",
  "oxide_kernel",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index 71a4b20..1d5af2c 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ members = [
     "crates/oxide_vm",
     "crates/oxide_kernel",
     "crates/oxide_runtime_api",
+    "crates/oxide_builtins",
     "crates/oxide_api",
     "crates/oxide_cli",
     "crates/oxide_test262",
diff --git a/crates/oxide_builtins/Cargo.toml b/crates/oxide_builtins/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f1292f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/oxide_builtins/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+[package]
+name = "oxide_builtins"
+version.workspace = true
+edition.workspace = true
+license.workspace = true
+rust-version.workspace = true
+description = "OxideJS - Generic builtin JS functions parameterized over VmHost"
+
+[dependencies]
+oxide_runtime_api = { path = "../oxide_runtime_api" }
+oxide_types = { path = "../oxide_types" }
+oxide_kernel = { path = "../oxide_kernel" }
+fast-float.workspace = true
+ryu.workspace = true
+memchr.workspace = true
+regex.workspace = true
+serde_json.workspace = true
+chrono.workspace = true
+unicode-normalization.workspace = true
+indexmap.workspace = true
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/array.rs b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/array.rs
similarity index 82%
rename from crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/array.rs
rename to crates/oxide_builtins/src/array.rs
index 4463251..a4bf74d 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/array.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/array.rs
@@ -2,9 +2,7 @@ use oxide_kernel::shape_forge::EMPTY_SHAPE_ID;
 use oxide_types::object::{JsObject, MAX_DENSE_PROPS};
 use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
 
-use crate::coercion;
-use crate::vm::Vm;
-use oxide_runtime_api::NativeResult;
+use oxide_runtime_api::{NativeResult, VmHost};
 
 macro_rules! array_ptr {
     ($vm:expr, $args:expr) => {{
@@ -23,11 +21,11 @@ macro_rules! array_ptr_len {
     }};
 }
 
-fn array_type_error(vm: &mut Vm, msg: &str) -> JsValue {
-    crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, msg)
+fn array_type_error<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, msg: &str) -> JsValue {
+    crate::error::create_type_error(vm, msg)
 }
 
-fn get_this_array_ref(vm: &mut Vm, val: JsValue) -> Result<*mut JsObject, JsValue> {
+fn get_this_array_ref<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, val: JsValue) -> Result<*mut JsObject, JsValue> {
     if !val.is_object() {
         return Err(array_type_error(vm, "Array method called on incompatible receiver"));
     }
@@ -42,7 +40,7 @@ fn get_this_array_ref(vm: &mut Vm, val: JsValue) -> Result<*mut JsObject, JsValu
     Ok(ptr)
 }
 
-fn require_callback(vm: &mut Vm, callback_val: JsValue) -> Result<JsValue, JsValue> {
+fn require_callback<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, callback_val: JsValue) -> Result<JsValue, JsValue> {
     if !callback_val.is_object() {
         return Err(array_type_error(vm, "callback is not a function"));
     }
@@ -53,7 +51,7 @@ fn require_callback(vm: &mut Vm, callback_val: JsValue) -> Result<JsValue, JsVal
     Ok(callback_val)
 }
 
-fn create_new_array(vm: &mut Vm, n: usize) -> *mut JsObject {
+fn create_new_array<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, n: usize) -> *mut JsObject {
     let proto = vm.session().builtin_world().array_proto.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject;
     vm.alloc_object(JsObject::new_array(
         EMPTY_SHAPE_ID,
@@ -63,25 +61,27 @@ fn create_new_array(vm: &mut Vm, n: usize) -> *mut JsObject {
     ))
 }
 
-fn array_length_arg(vm: &mut Vm, value: JsValue) -> Result<usize, JsValue> {
-    let n = coercion::to_number(value);
+fn array_length_arg<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, value: JsValue) -> Result<usize, JsValue> {
+    let n = oxide_runtime_api::to_number(value);
     if !n.is_finite() || n < 0.0 || n.fract() != 0.0 || n > MAX_DENSE_PROPS as f64 {
-        return Err(crate::builtins::error::create_range_error(vm, "Invalid array length"));
+        return Err(crate::error::create_range_error(vm, "Invalid array length"));
     }
     Ok(n as usize)
 }
 
-fn invoke_native_callback(vm: &mut Vm, callback_val: JsValue, this_val: JsValue, cb_args: &[JsValue]) -> NativeResult {
+fn invoke_native_callback<H: VmHost>(
+    vm: &mut H, callback_val: JsValue, this_val: JsValue, cb_args: &[JsValue],
+) -> NativeResult {
     if !callback_val.is_object() {
-        return NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, "callback is not a function"));
+        return NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "callback is not a function"));
     }
     let cb_ptr = callback_val.as_js_object_ptr();
     if cb_ptr.is_null() {
-        return NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, "callback is not a function"));
+        return NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "callback is not a function"));
     }
     let cb = unsafe { &*cb_ptr };
     if !cb.is_function() {
-        return NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, "callback is not a function"));
+        return NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "callback is not a function"));
     }
     match vm.call_function_sync(callback_val, this_val, cb_args) {
         Ok(value) => NativeResult::Ok(value),
@@ -89,31 +89,31 @@ fn invoke_native_callback(vm: &mut Vm, callback_val: JsValue, this_val: JsValue,
     }
 }
 
-fn callback_error_from_text(vm: &mut Vm, err: &str) -> JsValue {
+fn callback_error_from_text<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, err: &str) -> JsValue {
     let err = err.strip_prefix("uncaught ").unwrap_or(err);
     if let Some(msg) = err.strip_prefix("TypeError: ") {
-        return crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, msg);
+        return crate::error::create_type_error(vm, msg);
     }
     if let Some(msg) = err.strip_prefix("ReferenceError: ") {
-        return crate::builtins::error::create_reference_error(vm, msg);
+        return crate::error::create_reference_error(vm, msg);
     }
     if let Some(msg) = err.strip_prefix("RangeError: ") {
-        return crate::builtins::error::create_range_error(vm, msg);
+        return crate::error::create_range_error(vm, msg);
     }
     if let Some(msg) = err.strip_prefix("SyntaxError: ") {
-        return crate::builtins::error::create_syntax_error(vm, msg);
+        return crate::error::create_syntax_error(vm, msg);
     }
     if let Some(msg) = err.strip_prefix("Error: ") {
-        return crate::builtins::error::create_error(vm, msg);
+        return crate::error::create_error(vm, msg);
     }
-    crate::builtins::error::create_error(vm, err)
+    crate::error::create_error(vm, err)
 }
 
-fn unexpected_tail_call_error(vm: &mut Vm) -> NativeResult {
-    NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, "unexpected tail call in array callback"))
+fn unexpected_tail_call_error<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H) -> NativeResult {
+    NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "unexpected tail call in array callback"))
 }
 
-pub fn array_constructor(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn array_constructor<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let proto = vm.session().builtin_world().array_proto.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject;
     let proto_val = JsValue::from_js_object(proto);
 
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ pub fn array_constructor(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::from_js_object(arr))
 }
 
-pub fn array_is_array(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn array_is_array<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(false));
     }
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ pub fn array_is_array(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(unsafe { &*ptr }.is_array()))
 }
 
-pub fn array_push(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn array_push<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let arr_ptr = array_ptr!(vm, args);
     let mut len = unsafe { &*arr_ptr }.prop_count();
     for &arg_reg in args.iter().skip(1) {
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ pub fn array_push(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::int(len as i32))
 }
 
-pub fn array_pop(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn array_pop<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let arr_ptr = array_ptr!(vm, args);
     let arr = unsafe { &mut *arr_ptr };
     let len = arr.prop_count();
@@ -181,17 +181,17 @@ pub fn array_pop(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(last)
 }
 
-pub fn array_slice(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn array_slice<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let arr_ptr = array_ptr!(vm, args);
     let arr = unsafe { &*arr_ptr };
     let n = arr.prop_count() as usize;
     let start = if args.len() > 1 {
-        (coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[1])) as i32) as usize
+        (oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[1])) as i32) as usize
     } else {
         0
     };
     let end = if args.len() > 2 {
-        (coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[2])) as i32) as usize
+        (oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[2])) as i32) as usize
     } else {
         n
     };
@@ -209,13 +209,13 @@ pub fn array_slice(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::from_js_object(new_arr))
 }
 
-pub fn array_splice(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn array_splice<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let arr_ptr = array_ptr!(vm, args);
     let arr = unsafe { &mut *arr_ptr };
     let n = arr.prop_count() as usize;
 
     let start = if args.len() > 1 {
-        let v = coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[1]));
+        let v = oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[1]));
         let s = v as i32;
         if s < 0 {
             (n as i32 + s).max(0) as usize
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ pub fn array_splice(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     };
 
     let delete_count = if args.len() > 2 {
-        let v = coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[2]));
+        let v = oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[2]));
         (v as usize).min(n - start)
     } else {
         n - start
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ pub fn array_splice(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::from_js_object(removed_arr))
 }
 
-pub fn array_concat(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn array_concat<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let arr_ptr = array_ptr!(vm, args);
     let arr = unsafe { &*arr_ptr };
     let n = arr.prop_count() as usize;
@@ -306,12 +306,12 @@ pub fn array_concat(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::from_js_object(new_arr))
 }
 
-pub fn array_join(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn array_join<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let arr_ptr = array_ptr!(vm, args);
     let arr = unsafe { &*arr_ptr };
     let n = arr.prop_count() as usize;
     let sep = if args.len() > 1 {
-        coercion::to_string(vm.reg(args[1]))
+        oxide_runtime_api::to_string(vm.reg(args[1]))
     } else {
         ",".to_string()
     };
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ pub fn array_join(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
             if v.is_undefined() || v.is_null() {
                 String::new()
             } else {
-                coercion::to_string(v)
+                oxide_runtime_api::to_string(v)
             }
         })
         .collect();
@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ pub fn array_join(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(result_val)
 }
 
-pub fn array_index_of(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn array_index_of<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let arr_ptr = array_ptr!(vm, args);
     let arr = unsafe { &*arr_ptr };
     let n = arr.prop_count() as usize;
@@ -339,14 +339,14 @@ pub fn array_index_of(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     }
     let target = vm.reg(args[1]);
     for i in 0..n {
-        if coercion::strict_equality(arr.get_prop_at(i), target) {
+        if oxide_runtime_api::strict_equality(arr.get_prop_at(i), target) {
             return NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::int(i as i32));
         }
     }
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::int(-1))
 }
 
-pub fn array_includes(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn array_includes<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let arr_ptr = array_ptr!(vm, args);
     let arr = unsafe { &*arr_ptr };
     let n = arr.prop_count() as usize;
@@ -363,14 +363,14 @@ pub fn array_includes(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
                 return NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(true));
             }
         }
-        if coercion::strict_equality(elem, target) {
+        if oxide_runtime_api::strict_equality(elem, target) {
             return NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(true));
         }
     }
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(false))
 }
 
-pub fn array_reverse(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn array_reverse<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let arr_ptr = array_ptr!(vm, args);
     let arr = unsafe { &mut *arr_ptr };
     let n = arr.prop_count() as usize;
@@ -386,21 +386,21 @@ pub fn array_reverse(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(vm.reg(args[0]))
 }
 
-pub fn array_flat(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn array_flat<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let arr_ptr = array_ptr!(vm, args);
     let arr = unsafe { &*arr_ptr };
     let n = arr.prop_count() as usize;
     let depth = if args.len() > 1 {
-        let n = coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[1]));
+        let n = oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[1]));
         if !n.is_finite() {
-            vm.kernel_core.config.max_call_depth
+            vm.kernel_core().config.max_call_depth
         } else {
             (n as i32).max(1) as usize
         }
     } else {
         1
     }
-    .min(vm.kernel_core.config.max_call_depth);
+    .min(vm.kernel_core().config.max_call_depth);
 
     fn flatten(items: &[JsValue], remaining_depth: usize, seen: &mut Vec<*mut JsObject>) -> Vec<JsValue> {
         let mut out = Vec::new();
@@ -442,7 +442,7 @@ pub fn array_flat(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::from_js_object(new_arr))
 }
 
-pub fn array_for_each(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn array_for_each<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let (arr_ptr, n) = array_ptr_len!(vm, args);
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return NativeResult::Err(array_type_error(vm, "callback is not a function"));
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ pub fn array_for_each(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::undefined())
 }
 
-pub fn array_map(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn array_map<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let (arr_ptr, n) = array_ptr_len!(vm, args);
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return NativeResult::Err(array_type_error(vm, "callback is not a function"));
@@ -490,7 +490,7 @@ pub fn array_map(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::from_js_object(new_arr))
 }
 
-pub fn array_filter(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn array_filter<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let (arr_ptr, n) = array_ptr_len!(vm, args);
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return NativeResult::Err(array_type_error(vm, "callback is not a function"));
@@ -505,7 +505,7 @@ pub fn array_filter(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
         let elem = unsafe { (*arr_ptr).get_prop_at(i) };
         match invoke_native_callback(vm, callback_val, this_val, &[elem, JsValue::int(i as i32), vm.reg(args[0])]) {
             NativeResult::Ok(result_val) => {
-                if coercion::to_boolean(result_val) {
+                if oxide_runtime_api::to_boolean(result_val) {
                     kept.push(elem);
                 }
             }
@@ -523,7 +523,7 @@ pub fn array_filter(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::from_js_object(new_arr))
 }
 
-pub fn array_reduce(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn array_reduce<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let (arr_ptr, n) = array_ptr_len!(vm, args);
     if n == 0 && args.len() < 3 {
         return NativeResult::Err(array_type_error(vm, "Reduce of empty array with no initial value"));
@@ -562,7 +562,7 @@ pub fn array_reduce(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(accumulator)
 }
 
-pub fn array_find(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn array_find<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let (arr_ptr, n) = array_ptr_len!(vm, args);
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return NativeResult::Err(array_type_error(vm, "callback is not a function"));
@@ -576,7 +576,7 @@ pub fn array_find(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
         let elem = unsafe { (*arr_ptr).get_prop_at(i) };
         match invoke_native_callback(vm, callback_val, this_val, &[elem, JsValue::int(i as i32), vm.reg(args[0])]) {
             NativeResult::Ok(result_val) => {
-                if coercion::to_boolean(result_val) {
+                if oxide_runtime_api::to_boolean(result_val) {
                     return NativeResult::Ok(elem);
                 }
             }
@@ -587,7 +587,7 @@ pub fn array_find(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::undefined())
 }
 
-pub fn array_some(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn array_some<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let (arr_ptr, n) = array_ptr_len!(vm, args);
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return NativeResult::Err(array_type_error(vm, "callback is not a function"));
@@ -601,7 +601,7 @@ pub fn array_some(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
         let elem = unsafe { (*arr_ptr).get_prop_at(i) };
         match invoke_native_callback(vm, callback_val, this_val, &[elem, JsValue::int(i as i32), vm.reg(args[0])]) {
             NativeResult::Ok(result_val) => {
-                if coercion::to_boolean(result_val) {
+                if oxide_runtime_api::to_boolean(result_val) {
                     return NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(true));
                 }
             }
@@ -612,7 +612,7 @@ pub fn array_some(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(false))
 }
 
-pub fn array_every(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn array_every<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let (arr_ptr, n) = array_ptr_len!(vm, args);
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return NativeResult::Err(array_type_error(vm, "callback is not a function"));
@@ -626,7 +626,7 @@ pub fn array_every(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
         let elem = unsafe { (*arr_ptr).get_prop_at(i) };
         match invoke_native_callback(vm, callback_val, this_val, &[elem, JsValue::int(i as i32), vm.reg(args[0])]) {
             NativeResult::Ok(result_val) => {
-                if !coercion::to_boolean(result_val) {
+                if !oxide_runtime_api::to_boolean(result_val) {
                     return NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(false));
                 }
             }
@@ -637,7 +637,7 @@ pub fn array_every(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(true))
 }
 
-pub fn array_flat_map(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn array_flat_map<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let (arr_ptr, n) = array_ptr_len!(vm, args);
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return NativeResult::Err(array_type_error(vm, "callback is not a function"));
@@ -681,7 +681,7 @@ pub fn array_flat_map(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::from_js_object(new_arr))
 }
 
-pub fn array_shift(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn array_shift<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let arr_ptr = array_ptr!(vm, args);
     let arr = unsafe { &mut *arr_ptr };
     let len = arr.prop_count();
@@ -697,7 +697,7 @@ pub fn array_shift(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(first)
 }
 
-pub fn array_unshift(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn array_unshift<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let arr_ptr = array_ptr!(vm, args);
     let arr = unsafe { &mut *arr_ptr };
     let len = arr.prop_count();
@@ -714,18 +714,18 @@ pub fn array_unshift(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::int(new_len as i32))
 }
 
-pub fn array_fill(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn array_fill<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let arr_ptr = array_ptr!(vm, args);
     let arr = unsafe { &mut *arr_ptr };
     let len = arr.prop_count() as usize;
     let value = if args.len() > 1 { vm.reg(args[1]) } else { JsValue::undefined() };
     let start = if args.len() > 2 {
-        (coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[2])) as i32).max(0) as usize
+        (oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[2])) as i32).max(0) as usize
     } else {
         0
     };
     let end = if args.len() > 3 {
-        let e = coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[3])) as i32;
+        let e = oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[3])) as i32;
         (e as usize).min(len)
     } else {
         len
@@ -736,7 +736,7 @@ pub fn array_fill(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(vm.reg(args[0]))
 }
 
-pub fn array_copy_within(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn array_copy_within<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let arr_ptr = array_ptr!(vm, args);
     let arr = unsafe { &mut *arr_ptr };
     let len = arr.prop_count() as usize;
@@ -744,17 +744,17 @@ pub fn array_copy_within(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
         return NativeResult::Ok(vm.reg(args[0]));
     }
     let target = if args.len() > 1 {
-        (coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[1])) as i32) as usize
+        (oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[1])) as i32) as usize
     } else {
         0
     };
     let start = if args.len() > 2 {
-        (coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[2])) as i32) as usize
+        (oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[2])) as i32) as usize
     } else {
         0
     };
     let end = if args.len() > 3 {
-        (coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[3])) as i32 as usize).min(len)
+        (oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[3])) as i32 as usize).min(len)
     } else {
         len
     };
@@ -770,11 +770,15 @@ pub fn array_copy_within(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(vm.reg(args[0]))
 }
 
-pub fn array_at(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn array_at<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let arr_ptr = array_ptr!(vm, args);
     let arr = unsafe { &*arr_ptr };
     let len = arr.prop_count() as i32;
-    let mut index = if args.len() > 1 { coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[1])) as i32 } else { 0 };
+    let mut index = if args.len() > 1 {
+        oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[1])) as i32
+    } else {
+        0
+    };
     if index < 0 {
         index += len;
     }
@@ -784,20 +788,20 @@ pub fn array_at(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(arr.get_prop_at(index))
 }
 
-pub fn array_last_index_of(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn array_last_index_of<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let arr_ptr = array_ptr!(vm, args);
     let arr = unsafe { &*arr_ptr };
     let len = arr.prop_count() as i32;
     let search = if args.len() > 1 { vm.reg(args[1]) } else { JsValue::undefined() };
     for i in (0..len).rev() {
-        if coercion::strict_equality(arr.get_prop_at(i), search) {
+        if oxide_runtime_api::strict_equality(arr.get_prop_at(i), search) {
             return NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::int(i));
         }
     }
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::int(-1))
 }
 
-pub fn array_find_index(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn array_find_index<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let (arr_ptr, n) = array_ptr_len!(vm, args);
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return NativeResult::Err(array_type_error(vm, "callback is not a function"));
@@ -811,7 +815,7 @@ pub fn array_find_index(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
         let elem = unsafe { (*arr_ptr).get_prop_at(i) };
         match invoke_native_callback(vm, callback_val, this_val, &[elem, JsValue::int(i as i32), vm.reg(args[0])]) {
             NativeResult::Ok(r) => {
-                if coercion::to_boolean(r) {
+                if oxide_runtime_api::to_boolean(r) {
                     return NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::int(i as i32));
                 }
             }
@@ -822,7 +826,7 @@ pub fn array_find_index(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::int(-1))
 }
 
-pub fn array_find_last(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn array_find_last<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let (arr_ptr, n) = {
         let (arr_ptr, len) = array_ptr_len!(vm, args);
         (arr_ptr, len as i32)
@@ -839,7 +843,7 @@ pub fn array_find_last(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
         let elem = unsafe { (*arr_ptr).get_prop_at(i) };
         match invoke_native_callback(vm, callback_val, this_val, &[elem, JsValue::int(i), vm.reg(args[0])]) {
             NativeResult::Ok(r) => {
-                if coercion::to_boolean(r) {
+                if oxide_runtime_api::to_boolean(r) {
                     return NativeResult::Ok(elem);
                 }
             }
@@ -850,7 +854,7 @@ pub fn array_find_last(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::undefined())
 }
 
-pub fn array_reduce_right(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn array_reduce_right<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let (arr_ptr, n) = array_ptr_len!(vm, args);
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return NativeResult::Err(array_type_error(vm, "callback is not a function"));
@@ -883,7 +887,7 @@ pub fn array_reduce_right(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(acc)
 }
 
-pub fn array_sort(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn array_sort<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let arr_ptr = array_ptr!(vm, args);
     let len = unsafe { (*arr_ptr).prop_count() as usize };
     let mut vals: Vec<JsValue> = (0..len).map(|i| unsafe { (*arr_ptr).get_prop_at(i) }).collect();
@@ -908,7 +912,7 @@ pub fn array_sort(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
         if let Some(callback) = comparator {
             match invoke_native_callback(vm, callback, JsValue::undefined(), &[*a, *b]) {
                 NativeResult::Ok(result) => {
-                    let n = coercion::to_number(result);
+                    let n = oxide_runtime_api::to_number(result);
                     if n.is_nan() || n == 0.0 {
                         std::cmp::Ordering::Equal
                     } else if n < 0.0 {
@@ -922,14 +926,13 @@ pub fn array_sort(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
                     std::cmp::Ordering::Equal
                 }
                 NativeResult::TailCall { .. } => {
-                    sort_error =
-                        Some(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, "unexpected tail call in array callback"));
+                    sort_error = Some(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "unexpected tail call in array callback"));
                     std::cmp::Ordering::Equal
                 }
             }
         } else {
-            let sa = coercion::to_string(*a);
-            let sb = coercion::to_string(*b);
+            let sa = oxide_runtime_api::to_string(*a);
+            let sb = oxide_runtime_api::to_string(*b);
             sa.cmp(&sb)
         }
     });
@@ -943,9 +946,9 @@ pub fn array_sort(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(vm.reg(args[0]))
 }
 
-pub fn array_values(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn array_values<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let this_val = vm.reg(args[0]);
-    match crate::builtins::iterator::make_iterator_for_value(vm, this_val) {
+    match crate::iterator::make_iterator_for_value(vm, this_val) {
         Ok(iterator) => NativeResult::Ok(iterator),
         Err(err) => NativeResult::Err(err),
     }
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/array_buffer.rs b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/array_buffer.rs
similarity index 70%
rename from crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/array_buffer.rs
rename to crates/oxide_builtins/src/array_buffer.rs
index 13059c4..3b928ba 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/array_buffer.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/array_buffer.rs
@@ -2,9 +2,7 @@ use oxide_kernel::shape_forge::EMPTY_SHAPE_ID;
 use oxide_types::object::{JsObject, NativeFnPtr, PropAttributes};
 use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
 
-use crate::coercion;
-use crate::vm::Vm;
-use oxide_runtime_api::NativeResult;
+use oxide_runtime_api::{NativeResult, VmHost};
 
 pub(crate) const MAX_ARRAY_BUFFER_LENGTH: usize = 1 << 30;
 
@@ -17,23 +15,23 @@ macro_rules! native_try {
     };
 }
 
-fn type_error(vm: &mut Vm, msg: &str) -> NativeResult {
-    NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, msg))
+fn type_error<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, msg: &str) -> NativeResult {
+    NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, msg))
 }
 
-fn to_index(vm: &mut Vm, value: JsValue) -> Result<usize, JsValue> {
-    let n = coercion::to_number(value);
+fn to_index<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, value: JsValue) -> Result<usize, JsValue> {
+    let n = oxide_runtime_api::to_number(value);
     if n.is_nan() {
         return Ok(0);
     }
     if !n.is_finite() || n < 0.0 || n > MAX_ARRAY_BUFFER_LENGTH as f64 {
-        return Err(crate::builtins::error::create_range_error(vm, "invalid ArrayBuffer length"));
+        return Err(crate::error::create_range_error(vm, "invalid ArrayBuffer length"));
     }
     Ok(n.trunc() as usize)
 }
 
-fn normalize_index(_vm: &mut Vm, value: JsValue, len: usize) -> usize {
-    let n = coercion::to_number(value);
+fn normalize_index<H: VmHost>(_vm: &mut H, value: JsValue, len: usize) -> usize {
+    let n = oxide_runtime_api::to_number(value);
     if n.is_nan() {
         return 0;
     }
@@ -45,12 +43,12 @@ fn normalize_index(_vm: &mut Vm, value: JsValue, len: usize) -> usize {
     }
 }
 
-fn set_named_prop(vm: &mut Vm, obj: &mut JsObject, name: &str, value: JsValue, attributes: PropAttributes) {
+fn set_named_prop<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, obj: &mut JsObject, name: &str, value: JsValue, attributes: PropAttributes) {
     let si = vm.kernel_core().perm_interner().intern(name).0;
     let _ = vm.define_data_property(obj, si, value, attributes);
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn new_array_buffer(vm: &mut Vm, data: Vec<u8>) -> *mut JsObject {
+pub(crate) fn new_array_buffer<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, data: Vec<u8>) -> *mut JsObject {
     let proto = vm.session().builtin_world().array_buffer_proto.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject;
     let mut obj = JsObject::new_empty(EMPTY_SHAPE_ID, JsValue::from_js_object(proto));
     obj.type_tag = JsObject::OBJ_TYPE_ARRAY_BUFFER;
@@ -76,7 +74,7 @@ fn array_buffer_vec_ptr(obj: &JsObject) -> Option<*mut Vec<u8>> {
     obj.native_fn().map(|ptr| ptr.as_ptr() as *mut Vec<u8>)
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn clone_array_buffer_native(old_obj: &JsObject, new_obj: &mut JsObject) {
+pub fn clone_array_buffer_native(old_obj: &JsObject, new_obj: &mut JsObject) {
     let Some(ptr) = array_buffer_vec_ptr(old_obj) else {
         return;
     };
@@ -88,7 +86,7 @@ pub(crate) fn clone_array_buffer_native(old_obj: &JsObject, new_obj: &mut JsObje
     new_obj.set_native_fn(Some(unsafe { NativeFnPtr::from_raw(cloned_ptr as *const ()) }));
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn drop_array_buffer_native(obj: &mut JsObject) -> u64 {
+pub fn drop_array_buffer_native(obj: &mut JsObject) -> u64 {
     let Some(data_ptr) = array_buffer_vec_ptr(obj) else {
         return 0;
     };
@@ -102,35 +100,29 @@ pub(crate) fn drop_array_buffer_native(obj: &mut JsObject) -> u64 {
     bytes as u64
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn array_buffer_data_ptr(vm: &mut Vm, this_val: JsValue) -> Result<*mut Vec<u8>, JsValue> {
+pub(crate) fn array_buffer_data_ptr<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, this_val: JsValue) -> Result<*mut Vec<u8>, JsValue> {
     if !this_val.is_object() {
-        return Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(
-            vm,
-            "ArrayBuffer method called on incompatible receiver",
-        ));
+        return Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "ArrayBuffer method called on incompatible receiver"));
     }
     let obj_ptr = this_val.as_js_object_ptr();
     if obj_ptr.is_null() {
-        return Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, "ArrayBuffer internal state invalid"));
+        return Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "ArrayBuffer internal state invalid"));
     }
     let obj = unsafe { &*obj_ptr };
     if !obj.is_array_buffer_obj() {
-        return Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(
-            vm,
-            "ArrayBuffer method called on incompatible receiver",
-        ));
+        return Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "ArrayBuffer method called on incompatible receiver"));
     }
     let Some(data_ptr) = obj.native_fn() else {
-        return Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, "ArrayBuffer internal state invalid"));
+        return Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "ArrayBuffer internal state invalid"));
     };
     let data_ptr = data_ptr.as_ptr() as *mut Vec<u8>;
     if data_ptr.is_null() {
-        return Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, "ArrayBuffer internal state invalid"));
+        return Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "ArrayBuffer internal state invalid"));
     }
     Ok(data_ptr)
 }
 
-pub fn array_buffer_constructor(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn array_buffer_constructor<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let length = if args.len() > 1 {
         match to_index(vm, vm.reg(args[1])) {
             Ok(length) => length,
@@ -142,13 +134,13 @@ pub fn array_buffer_constructor(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::from_js_object(new_array_buffer(vm, vec![0; length])))
 }
 
-pub fn array_buffer_byte_length(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn array_buffer_byte_length<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let this_val = vm.reg(if args.is_empty() { 0 } else { args[0] });
     let data_ptr = native_try!(array_buffer_data_ptr(vm, this_val));
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::int(unsafe { (*data_ptr).len() } as i32))
 }
 
-pub fn array_buffer_slice(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn array_buffer_slice<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let this_val = vm.reg(if args.is_empty() { 0 } else { args[0] });
     let data_ptr = native_try!(array_buffer_data_ptr(vm, this_val));
     let data = unsafe { &*data_ptr };
@@ -159,7 +151,7 @@ pub fn array_buffer_slice(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::from_js_object(new_array_buffer(vm, data[start..end].to_vec())))
 }
 
-pub fn array_buffer_is_view(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn array_buffer_is_view<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let value = if args.len() > 1 { vm.reg(args[1]) } else { JsValue::undefined() };
     if !value.is_object() {
         return NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(false));
@@ -172,7 +164,7 @@ pub fn array_buffer_is_view(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(obj.is_data_view_obj() || obj.is_typed_array_obj()))
 }
 
-pub fn array_buffer_to_string(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn array_buffer_to_string<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let this_val = vm.reg(if args.is_empty() { 0 } else { args[0] });
     if array_buffer_data_ptr(vm, this_val).is_err() {
         return type_error(vm, "ArrayBuffer.prototype.toString called on incompatible receiver");
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/boolean.rs b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/boolean.rs
similarity index 83%
rename from crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/boolean.rs
rename to crates/oxide_builtins/src/boolean.rs
index 41db5b9..c2e4162 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/boolean.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/boolean.rs
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 use oxide_types::object::JsObject;
 use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
 
-use crate::vm::Vm;
-use oxide_runtime_api::NativeResult;
+use oxide_runtime_api::{NativeResult, VmHost};
 
-pub fn boolean_constructor(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn boolean_constructor<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let this_val = vm.reg(if args.is_empty() { 0 } else { args[0] });
     let bool_val = if args.len() > 1 {
         let arg = vm.reg(args[1]);
@@ -51,20 +50,20 @@ pub fn boolean_constructor(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(this_val)
 }
 
-pub fn boolean_prototype_value_of(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn boolean_prototype_value_of<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let this_val = vm.reg(if args.is_empty() { 0 } else { args[0] });
     if this_val.is_bool() {
         return NativeResult::Ok(this_val);
     }
     if !this_val.is_object() {
-        return NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(
+        return NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_type_error(
             vm,
             "Boolean.prototype.valueOf called on non-Boolean object",
         ));
     }
     let obj = unsafe { &*this_val.as_js_object_ptr() };
     if !obj.is_boolean_obj() {
-        return NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(
+        return NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_type_error(
             vm,
             "Boolean.prototype.valueOf called on non-Boolean object",
         ));
@@ -73,7 +72,7 @@ pub fn boolean_prototype_value_of(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(val)
 }
 
-pub fn boolean_prototype_to_string(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn boolean_prototype_to_string<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let this_val = vm.reg(if args.is_empty() { 0 } else { args[0] });
     if this_val.is_bool() {
         return if this_val.as_bool() {
@@ -83,14 +82,14 @@ pub fn boolean_prototype_to_string(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
         };
     }
     if !this_val.is_object() {
-        return NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(
+        return NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_type_error(
             vm,
             "Boolean.prototype.toString called on non-Boolean object",
         ));
     }
     let obj = unsafe { &*this_val.as_js_object_ptr() };
     if !obj.is_boolean_obj() {
-        return NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(
+        return NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_type_error(
             vm,
             "Boolean.prototype.toString called on non-Boolean object",
         ));
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/data_view.rs b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/data_view.rs
similarity index 65%
rename from crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/data_view.rs
rename to crates/oxide_builtins/src/data_view.rs
index 23481e6..2550048 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/data_view.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/data_view.rs
@@ -2,10 +2,9 @@ use oxide_kernel::shape_forge::EMPTY_SHAPE_ID;
 use oxide_types::object::{JsObject, NativeFnPtr, PropAttributes};
 use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
 
-use crate::builtins::array_buffer::array_buffer_data_ptr;
-use crate::coercion;
-use crate::vm::Vm;
-use oxide_runtime_api::NativeResult;
+use crate::array_buffer::array_buffer_data_ptr;
+
+use oxide_runtime_api::{NativeResult, VmHost};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct DataViewData {
@@ -23,69 +22,69 @@ macro_rules! native_try {
     };
 }
 
-fn to_index(vm: &mut Vm, value: JsValue, msg: &str) -> Result<usize, JsValue> {
-    let n = coercion::to_number(value);
+fn to_index<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, value: JsValue, msg: &str) -> Result<usize, JsValue> {
+    let n = oxide_runtime_api::to_number(value);
     if n.is_nan() {
         return Ok(0);
     }
     if !n.is_finite() || n < 0.0 {
-        return Err(crate::builtins::error::create_range_error(vm, msg));
+        return Err(crate::error::create_range_error(vm, msg));
     }
     Ok(n.trunc() as usize)
 }
 
-fn is_little_endian(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8], idx: usize) -> bool {
-    args.get(idx).map(|reg| coercion::to_boolean(vm.reg(*reg))).unwrap_or(false)
+fn is_little_endian<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8], idx: usize) -> bool {
+    args.get(idx)
+        .map(|reg| oxide_runtime_api::to_boolean(vm.reg(*reg)))
+        .unwrap_or(false)
 }
 
-fn numeric_arg(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8], idx: usize) -> f64 {
-    args.get(idx).map(|reg| coercion::to_number(vm.reg(*reg))).unwrap_or(0.0)
+fn numeric_arg<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8], idx: usize) -> f64 {
+    args.get(idx)
+        .map(|reg| oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(*reg)))
+        .unwrap_or(0.0)
 }
 
-fn set_named_prop(vm: &mut Vm, obj: &mut JsObject, name: &str, value: JsValue, attributes: PropAttributes) {
+fn set_named_prop<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, obj: &mut JsObject, name: &str, value: JsValue, attributes: PropAttributes) {
     let si = vm.kernel_core().perm_interner().intern(name).0;
     let _ = vm.define_data_property(obj, si, value, attributes);
 }
 
-fn get_data_view_data(vm: &mut Vm, this_val: JsValue) -> Result<DataViewData, JsValue> {
+fn get_data_view_data<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, this_val: JsValue) -> Result<DataViewData, JsValue> {
     if !this_val.is_object() {
-        return Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(
-            vm,
-            "DataView method called on incompatible receiver",
-        ));
+        return Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "DataView method called on incompatible receiver"));
     }
     let obj_ptr = this_val.as_js_object_ptr();
     if obj_ptr.is_null() {
-        return Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, "DataView internal state invalid"));
+        return Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "DataView internal state invalid"));
     }
     let obj = unsafe { &*obj_ptr };
     if !obj.is_data_view_obj() {
-        return Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(
-            vm,
-            "DataView method called on incompatible receiver",
-        ));
+        return Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "DataView method called on incompatible receiver"));
     }
     let Some(data_ptr) = obj.native_fn() else {
-        return Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, "DataView internal state invalid"));
+        return Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "DataView internal state invalid"));
     };
     let data_ptr = data_ptr.as_ptr() as *const DataViewData;
     if data_ptr.is_null() {
-        return Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, "DataView internal state invalid"));
+        return Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "DataView internal state invalid"));
     }
     Ok(unsafe { *data_ptr })
 }
 
-fn checked_absolute_offset(vm: &mut Vm, view: DataViewData, offset: usize, width: usize) -> Result<usize, JsValue> {
+fn checked_absolute_offset<H: VmHost>(
+    vm: &mut H, view: DataViewData, offset: usize, width: usize,
+) -> Result<usize, JsValue> {
     let Some(end) = offset.checked_add(width) else {
-        return Err(crate::builtins::error::create_range_error(vm, "DataView offset out of bounds"));
+        return Err(crate::error::create_range_error(vm, "DataView offset out of bounds"));
     };
     if end > view.byte_length {
-        return Err(crate::builtins::error::create_range_error(vm, "DataView offset out of bounds"));
+        return Err(crate::error::create_range_error(vm, "DataView offset out of bounds"));
     }
     Ok(view.byte_offset + offset)
 }
 
-fn read_bytes<const N: usize>(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> Result<[u8; N], JsValue> {
+fn read_bytes<const N: usize, H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> Result<[u8; N], JsValue> {
     let this_val = vm.reg(if args.is_empty() { 0 } else { args[0] });
     let view = get_data_view_data(vm, this_val)?;
     let offset = if args.len() > 1 {
@@ -97,14 +96,14 @@ fn read_bytes<const N: usize>(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> Result<[u8; N], JsVal
     let buffer_ptr = array_buffer_data_ptr(vm, view.buffer)?;
     let buffer = unsafe { &*buffer_ptr };
     if abs + N > buffer.len() {
-        return Err(crate::builtins::error::create_range_error(vm, "DataView offset out of bounds"));
+        return Err(crate::error::create_range_error(vm, "DataView offset out of bounds"));
     }
     let mut out = [0u8; N];
     out.copy_from_slice(&buffer[abs..abs + N]);
     Ok(out)
 }
 
-fn write_bytes<const N: usize>(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8], bytes: [u8; N]) -> Result<(), JsValue> {
+fn write_bytes<const N: usize, H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8], bytes: [u8; N]) -> Result<(), JsValue> {
     let this_val = vm.reg(if args.is_empty() { 0 } else { args[0] });
     let view = get_data_view_data(vm, this_val)?;
     let offset = if args.len() > 1 {
@@ -116,15 +115,15 @@ fn write_bytes<const N: usize>(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8], bytes: [u8; N]) -> Resu
     let buffer_ptr = array_buffer_data_ptr(vm, view.buffer)?;
     let buffer = unsafe { &mut *buffer_ptr };
     if abs + N > buffer.len() {
-        return Err(crate::builtins::error::create_range_error(vm, "DataView offset out of bounds"));
+        return Err(crate::error::create_range_error(vm, "DataView offset out of bounds"));
     }
     buffer[abs..abs + N].copy_from_slice(&bytes);
     Ok(())
 }
 
-pub fn data_view_constructor(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn data_view_constructor<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     if args.len() < 2 {
-        return NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, "DataView requires an ArrayBuffer"));
+        return NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "DataView requires an ArrayBuffer"));
     }
     let buffer = vm.reg(args[1]);
     let buffer_ptr = native_try!(array_buffer_data_ptr(vm, buffer));
@@ -135,7 +134,7 @@ pub fn data_view_constructor(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
         0
     };
     if byte_offset > buffer_len {
-        return NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_range_error(vm, "DataView byteOffset out of bounds"));
+        return NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_range_error(vm, "DataView byteOffset out of bounds"));
     }
     let default_len = buffer_len - byte_offset;
     let byte_length = if args.len() > 3 {
@@ -144,7 +143,7 @@ pub fn data_view_constructor(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
         default_len
     };
     if byte_offset + byte_length > buffer_len {
-        return NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_range_error(vm, "DataView byteLength out of bounds"));
+        return NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_range_error(vm, "DataView byteLength out of bounds"));
     }
 
     let proto = vm.session().builtin_world().data_view_proto.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject;
@@ -183,7 +182,7 @@ fn data_view_data_ptr(obj: &JsObject) -> Option<*mut DataViewData> {
     obj.native_fn().map(|ptr| ptr.as_ptr() as *mut DataViewData)
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn data_view_native_edges(obj: &JsObject) -> Vec<JsValue> {
+pub fn data_view_native_edges(obj: &JsObject) -> Vec<JsValue> {
     let Some(ptr) = data_view_data_ptr(obj) else {
         return Vec::new();
     };
@@ -198,7 +197,7 @@ pub(crate) fn data_view_native_edges(obj: &JsObject) -> Vec<JsValue> {
     }
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn clone_data_view_native_with_rewrite<F>(old_obj: &JsObject, new_obj: &mut JsObject, mut rewrite: F)
+pub fn clone_data_view_native_with_rewrite<F>(old_obj: &JsObject, new_obj: &mut JsObject, mut rewrite: F)
 where
     F: FnMut(JsValue) -> JsValue,
 {
@@ -214,7 +213,7 @@ where
     new_obj.set_native_fn(Some(unsafe { NativeFnPtr::from_raw(cloned as *const ()) }));
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn rewrite_data_view_native<F>(obj: &mut JsObject, mut rewrite: F)
+pub fn rewrite_data_view_native<F>(obj: &mut JsObject, mut rewrite: F)
 where
     F: FnMut(JsValue) -> JsValue,
 {
@@ -229,7 +228,7 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn drop_data_view_native(obj: &mut JsObject) -> u64 {
+pub fn drop_data_view_native(obj: &mut JsObject) -> u64 {
     let Some(ptr) = data_view_data_ptr(obj) else {
         return 0;
     };
@@ -241,18 +240,18 @@ pub(crate) fn drop_data_view_native(obj: &mut JsObject) -> u64 {
     std::mem::size_of::<DataViewData>() as u64
 }
 
-pub fn data_view_get_int8(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
-    let bytes = native_try!(read_bytes::<1>(vm, args));
+pub fn data_view_get_int8<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+    let bytes = native_try!(read_bytes::<1, H>(vm, args));
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::int(i8::from_ne_bytes(bytes) as i32))
 }
 
-pub fn data_view_get_uint8(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
-    let bytes = native_try!(read_bytes::<1>(vm, args));
+pub fn data_view_get_uint8<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+    let bytes = native_try!(read_bytes::<1, H>(vm, args));
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::int(bytes[0] as i32))
 }
 
-pub fn data_view_get_int16(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
-    let bytes = native_try!(read_bytes::<2>(vm, args));
+pub fn data_view_get_int16<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+    let bytes = native_try!(read_bytes::<2, H>(vm, args));
     let n = if is_little_endian(vm, args, 2) {
         i16::from_le_bytes(bytes)
     } else {
@@ -261,8 +260,8 @@ pub fn data_view_get_int16(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::int(n as i32))
 }
 
-pub fn data_view_get_uint16(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
-    let bytes = native_try!(read_bytes::<2>(vm, args));
+pub fn data_view_get_uint16<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+    let bytes = native_try!(read_bytes::<2, H>(vm, args));
     let n = if is_little_endian(vm, args, 2) {
         u16::from_le_bytes(bytes)
     } else {
@@ -271,8 +270,8 @@ pub fn data_view_get_uint16(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::int(n as i32))
 }
 
-pub fn data_view_get_int32(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
-    let bytes = native_try!(read_bytes::<4>(vm, args));
+pub fn data_view_get_int32<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+    let bytes = native_try!(read_bytes::<4, H>(vm, args));
     let n = if is_little_endian(vm, args, 2) {
         i32::from_le_bytes(bytes)
     } else {
@@ -281,8 +280,8 @@ pub fn data_view_get_int32(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::int(n))
 }
 
-pub fn data_view_get_uint32(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
-    let bytes = native_try!(read_bytes::<4>(vm, args));
+pub fn data_view_get_uint32<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+    let bytes = native_try!(read_bytes::<4, H>(vm, args));
     let n = if is_little_endian(vm, args, 2) {
         u32::from_le_bytes(bytes)
     } else {
@@ -291,8 +290,8 @@ pub fn data_view_get_uint32(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(n as f64))
 }
 
-pub fn data_view_get_float32(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
-    let bytes = native_try!(read_bytes::<4>(vm, args));
+pub fn data_view_get_float32<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+    let bytes = native_try!(read_bytes::<4, H>(vm, args));
     let n = if is_little_endian(vm, args, 2) {
         f32::from_le_bytes(bytes)
     } else {
@@ -301,8 +300,8 @@ pub fn data_view_get_float32(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(n as f64))
 }
 
-pub fn data_view_get_float64(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
-    let bytes = native_try!(read_bytes::<8>(vm, args));
+pub fn data_view_get_float64<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+    let bytes = native_try!(read_bytes::<8, H>(vm, args));
     let n = if is_little_endian(vm, args, 2) {
         f64::from_le_bytes(bytes)
     } else {
@@ -311,8 +310,8 @@ pub fn data_view_get_float64(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(n))
 }
 
-pub fn data_view_get_big_int64(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
-    let bytes = native_try!(read_bytes::<8>(vm, args));
+pub fn data_view_get_big_int64<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+    let bytes = native_try!(read_bytes::<8, H>(vm, args));
     let n = if is_little_endian(vm, args, 2) {
         i64::from_le_bytes(bytes)
     } else {
@@ -321,8 +320,8 @@ pub fn data_view_get_big_int64(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(n as f64))
 }
 
-pub fn data_view_get_big_uint64(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
-    let bytes = native_try!(read_bytes::<8>(vm, args));
+pub fn data_view_get_big_uint64<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+    let bytes = native_try!(read_bytes::<8, H>(vm, args));
     let n = if is_little_endian(vm, args, 2) {
         u64::from_le_bytes(bytes)
     } else {
@@ -331,19 +330,19 @@ pub fn data_view_get_big_uint64(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(n as f64))
 }
 
-pub fn data_view_set_int8(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn data_view_set_int8<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let value = numeric_arg(vm, args, 2) as i32 as u8 as i8;
     native_try!(write_bytes(vm, args, value.to_ne_bytes()));
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::undefined())
 }
 
-pub fn data_view_set_uint8(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn data_view_set_uint8<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let value = numeric_arg(vm, args, 2) as i32 as u8;
     native_try!(write_bytes(vm, args, [value]));
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::undefined())
 }
 
-pub fn data_view_set_int16(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn data_view_set_int16<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let value = numeric_arg(vm, args, 2) as i32 as u16 as i16;
     let bytes = if is_little_endian(vm, args, 3) {
         value.to_le_bytes()
@@ -354,7 +353,7 @@ pub fn data_view_set_int16(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::undefined())
 }
 
-pub fn data_view_set_uint16(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn data_view_set_uint16<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let value = numeric_arg(vm, args, 2) as i32 as u16;
     let bytes = if is_little_endian(vm, args, 3) {
         value.to_le_bytes()
@@ -365,7 +364,7 @@ pub fn data_view_set_uint16(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::undefined())
 }
 
-pub fn data_view_set_int32(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn data_view_set_int32<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let value = numeric_arg(vm, args, 2) as i32;
     let bytes = if is_little_endian(vm, args, 3) {
         value.to_le_bytes()
@@ -376,7 +375,7 @@ pub fn data_view_set_int32(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::undefined())
 }
 
-pub fn data_view_set_uint32(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn data_view_set_uint32<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let value = numeric_arg(vm, args, 2) as u32;
     let bytes = if is_little_endian(vm, args, 3) {
         value.to_le_bytes()
@@ -387,7 +386,7 @@ pub fn data_view_set_uint32(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::undefined())
 }
 
-pub fn data_view_set_float32(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn data_view_set_float32<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let value = numeric_arg(vm, args, 2) as f32;
     let bytes = if is_little_endian(vm, args, 3) {
         value.to_le_bytes()
@@ -398,7 +397,7 @@ pub fn data_view_set_float32(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::undefined())
 }
 
-pub fn data_view_set_float64(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn data_view_set_float64<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let value = numeric_arg(vm, args, 2);
     let bytes = if is_little_endian(vm, args, 3) {
         value.to_le_bytes()
@@ -409,7 +408,7 @@ pub fn data_view_set_float64(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::undefined())
 }
 
-pub fn data_view_set_big_int64(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn data_view_set_big_int64<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let value = numeric_arg(vm, args, 2) as i64;
     let bytes = if is_little_endian(vm, args, 3) {
         value.to_le_bytes()
@@ -420,7 +419,7 @@ pub fn data_view_set_big_int64(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::undefined())
 }
 
-pub fn data_view_set_big_uint64(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn data_view_set_big_uint64<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let value = numeric_arg(vm, args, 2) as u64;
     let bytes = if is_little_endian(vm, args, 3) {
         value.to_le_bytes()
@@ -431,7 +430,7 @@ pub fn data_view_set_big_uint64(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::undefined())
 }
 
-pub fn data_view_to_string(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn data_view_to_string<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let this_val = vm.reg(if args.is_empty() { 0 } else { args[0] });
     native_try!(get_data_view_data(vm, this_val));
     NativeResult::Ok(vm.new_string("[object DataView]"))
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/date.rs b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/date.rs
similarity index 79%
rename from crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/date.rs
rename to crates/oxide_builtins/src/date.rs
index 7be0eac..d8112c7 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/date.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/date.rs
@@ -4,9 +4,7 @@ use oxide_kernel::shape_forge::EMPTY_SHAPE_ID;
 use oxide_types::object::JsObject;
 use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
 
-use crate::coercion;
-use crate::vm::Vm;
-use oxide_runtime_api::NativeResult;
+use oxide_runtime_api::{NativeResult, VmHost};
 
 fn get_timestamp(obj: &JsObject) -> f64 {
     let v = obj.get_prop_at(0);
@@ -21,9 +19,9 @@ fn set_timestamp(obj: &mut JsObject, ms: f64) {
     obj.set_prop_at(0, JsValue::float(ms));
 }
 
-fn ensure_date(vm: &mut Vm, obj: &JsObject) -> Result<(), JsValue> {
+fn ensure_date<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, obj: &JsObject) -> Result<(), JsValue> {
     if !obj.is_date_obj() {
-        return Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, "called on incompatible receiver"));
+        return Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "called on incompatible receiver"));
     }
     Ok(())
 }
@@ -37,28 +35,28 @@ macro_rules! native_try {
     };
 }
 
-fn date_this_mut(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> Result<*mut JsObject, JsValue> {
+fn date_this_mut<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> Result<*mut JsObject, JsValue> {
     let raw = vm.reg(if args.is_empty() { 0 } else { args[0] });
     if !raw.is_object() {
-        return Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, "called on incompatible receiver"));
+        return Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "called on incompatible receiver"));
     }
     let obj_ptr = raw.as_js_object_ptr();
     if obj_ptr.is_null() {
-        return Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, "called on incompatible receiver"));
+        return Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "called on incompatible receiver"));
     }
     let obj = unsafe { &*obj_ptr };
     ensure_date(vm, obj)?;
     Ok(obj_ptr)
 }
 
-fn date_this(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> Result<*const JsObject, JsValue> {
+fn date_this<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> Result<*const JsObject, JsValue> {
     let raw = vm.reg(if args.is_empty() { 0 } else { args[0] });
     if !raw.is_object() {
-        return Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, "called on incompatible receiver"));
+        return Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "called on incompatible receiver"));
     }
     let obj_ptr = raw.as_js_object_ptr();
     if obj_ptr.is_null() {
-        return Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, "called on incompatible receiver"));
+        return Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "called on incompatible receiver"));
     }
     let obj = unsafe { &*obj_ptr };
     ensure_date(vm, obj)?;
@@ -79,7 +77,7 @@ fn naive_from_ms(ms: f64) -> Option<NaiveDateTime> {
     dt_from_ms(ms).map(|dt| dt.naive_utc())
 }
 
-pub fn date_constructor(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn date_constructor<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let this_val = vm.reg(if args.is_empty() { 0 } else { args[0] });
     let is_ctor_call = this_val.is_object() && {
         let ptr = this_val.as_js_object_ptr();
@@ -104,13 +102,33 @@ pub fn date_constructor(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let timestamp = if args.len() < 2 {
         Utc::now().timestamp_millis() as f64
     } else if args.len() > 2 {
-        let y = coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[1])) as i32;
-        let m = coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[2])) as u32;
-        let d = if args.len() > 3 { coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[3])) as u32 } else { 1 };
-        let h = if args.len() > 4 { coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[4])) as u32 } else { 0 };
-        let min = if args.len() > 5 { coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[5])) as u32 } else { 0 };
-        let sec = if args.len() > 6 { coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[6])) as u32 } else { 0 };
-        let ms = if args.len() > 7 { coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[7])) as u32 } else { 0 };
+        let y = oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[1])) as i32;
+        let m = oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[2])) as u32;
+        let d = if args.len() > 3 {
+            oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[3])) as u32
+        } else {
+            1
+        };
+        let h = if args.len() > 4 {
+            oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[4])) as u32
+        } else {
+            0
+        };
+        let min = if args.len() > 5 {
+            oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[5])) as u32
+        } else {
+            0
+        };
+        let sec = if args.len() > 6 {
+            oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[6])) as u32
+        } else {
+            0
+        };
+        let ms = if args.len() > 7 {
+            oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[7])) as u32
+        } else {
+            0
+        };
         NaiveDate::from_ymd_opt(y, m + 1, d)
             .and_then(|nd| {
                 nd.and_hms_milli_opt(h, min, sec, ms)
@@ -182,11 +200,11 @@ pub fn date_constructor(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::from_js_object(ptr))
 }
 
-pub fn date_now(_vm: &mut Vm, _args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn date_now<H: VmHost>(_vm: &mut H, _args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(Utc::now().timestamp_millis() as f64))
 }
 
-pub fn date_parse(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn date_parse<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(f64::NAN));
     }
@@ -214,13 +232,13 @@ pub fn date_parse(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(ts))
 }
 
-pub fn date_utc(_vm: &mut Vm, _args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn date_utc<H: VmHost>(_vm: &mut H, _args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(f64::NAN))
 }
 
 macro_rules! make_getter {
     ($name:ident, $f:expr, $df:expr) => {
-        pub fn $name(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+        pub fn $name<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
             let obj = unsafe { &*native_try!(date_this(vm, args)) };
             let ms = get_timestamp(obj);
             if !ms.is_finite() {
@@ -236,7 +254,7 @@ macro_rules! make_getter {
 
 macro_rules! make_utc_getter {
     ($name:ident, $f:expr, $df:expr) => {
-        pub fn $name(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+        pub fn $name<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
             let obj = unsafe { &*native_try!(date_this(vm, args)) };
             let ms = get_timestamp(obj);
             if !ms.is_finite() {
@@ -277,7 +295,7 @@ make_utc_getter!(
     f64::NAN
 );
 
-pub fn date_get_timezone_offset(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn date_get_timezone_offset<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let _obj = unsafe { &*native_try!(date_this(vm, args)) };
     let offset_min = local_offset_minutes();
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(offset_min as f64))
@@ -287,24 +305,28 @@ fn local_offset_minutes() -> i32 {
     chrono::Local::now().offset().local_minus_utc() / 60
 }
 
-fn get_opt_arg(vm: &Vm, args: &[u8], idx: usize, default: u32) -> u32 {
+fn get_opt_arg<H: VmHost>(vm: &H, args: &[u8], idx: usize, default: u32) -> u32 {
     if args.len() > idx {
-        coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[idx])) as u32
+        oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[idx])) as u32
     } else {
         default
     }
 }
 
-pub fn date_set_time(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn date_set_time<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let obj = unsafe { &mut *native_try!(date_this_mut(vm, args)) };
-    let val = if args.len() > 1 { coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[1])) } else { f64::NAN };
+    let val = if args.len() > 1 {
+        oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[1]))
+    } else {
+        f64::NAN
+    };
     set_timestamp(obj, val);
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(val))
 }
 
-pub fn date_set_full_year(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn date_set_full_year<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let val = if args.len() > 1 { vm.reg(args[1]) } else { JsValue::undefined() };
-    let v = coercion::to_number(val);
+    let v = oxide_runtime_api::to_number(val);
     let obj = unsafe { &mut *native_try!(date_this_mut(vm, args)) };
     let ms = get_timestamp(obj);
     if !ms.is_finite() {
@@ -325,9 +347,9 @@ pub fn date_set_full_year(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     set_timestamp(obj, ts);
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(ts))
 }
-pub fn date_set_month(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn date_set_month<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let val = if args.len() > 1 { vm.reg(args[1]) } else { JsValue::undefined() };
-    let v = coercion::to_number(val);
+    let v = oxide_runtime_api::to_number(val);
     let obj = unsafe { &mut *native_try!(date_this_mut(vm, args)) };
     let ms = get_timestamp(obj);
     if !ms.is_finite() {
@@ -343,9 +365,9 @@ pub fn date_set_month(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     set_timestamp(obj, ts);
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(ts))
 }
-pub fn date_set_date(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn date_set_date<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let val = if args.len() > 1 { vm.reg(args[1]) } else { JsValue::undefined() };
-    let v = coercion::to_number(val);
+    let v = oxide_runtime_api::to_number(val);
     let obj = unsafe { &mut *native_try!(date_this_mut(vm, args)) };
     let ms = get_timestamp(obj);
     if !ms.is_finite() {
@@ -360,9 +382,9 @@ pub fn date_set_date(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     set_timestamp(obj, ts);
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(ts))
 }
-pub fn date_set_hours(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn date_set_hours<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let val = if args.len() > 1 { vm.reg(args[1]) } else { JsValue::undefined() };
-    let v = coercion::to_number(val);
+    let v = oxide_runtime_api::to_number(val);
     let obj = unsafe { &mut *native_try!(date_this_mut(vm, args)) };
     let ms = get_timestamp(obj);
     if !ms.is_finite() {
@@ -385,9 +407,9 @@ pub fn date_set_hours(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     set_timestamp(obj, ts);
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(ts))
 }
-pub fn date_set_minutes(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn date_set_minutes<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let val = if args.len() > 1 { vm.reg(args[1]) } else { JsValue::undefined() };
-    let v = coercion::to_number(val);
+    let v = oxide_runtime_api::to_number(val);
     let obj = unsafe { &mut *native_try!(date_this_mut(vm, args)) };
     let ms = get_timestamp(obj);
     if !ms.is_finite() {
@@ -408,9 +430,9 @@ pub fn date_set_minutes(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     set_timestamp(obj, ts);
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(ts))
 }
-pub fn date_set_seconds(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn date_set_seconds<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let val = if args.len() > 1 { vm.reg(args[1]) } else { JsValue::undefined() };
-    let v = coercion::to_number(val);
+    let v = oxide_runtime_api::to_number(val);
     let obj = unsafe { &mut *native_try!(date_this_mut(vm, args)) };
     let ms = get_timestamp(obj);
     if !ms.is_finite() {
@@ -429,9 +451,9 @@ pub fn date_set_seconds(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     set_timestamp(obj, ts);
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(ts))
 }
-pub fn date_set_milliseconds(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn date_set_milliseconds<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let val = if args.len() > 1 { vm.reg(args[1]) } else { JsValue::undefined() };
-    let v = coercion::to_number(val);
+    let v = oxide_runtime_api::to_number(val);
     let obj = unsafe { &mut *native_try!(date_this_mut(vm, args)) };
     let ms = get_timestamp(obj);
     if !ms.is_finite() {
@@ -447,7 +469,7 @@ pub fn date_set_milliseconds(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(ts))
 }
 
-fn date_to_string_inner(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8], format_str: &str, invalid: &str) -> NativeResult {
+fn date_to_string_inner<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8], format_str: &str, invalid: &str) -> NativeResult {
     let obj = unsafe { &*native_try!(date_this(vm, args)) };
     let ms = get_timestamp(obj);
     if !ms.is_finite() {
@@ -460,11 +482,11 @@ fn date_to_string_inner(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8], format_str: &str, invalid: &st
     NativeResult::Ok(vm.new_string(&s))
 }
 
-pub fn date_to_iso_string(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn date_to_iso_string<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     date_to_string_inner(vm, args, "%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S%.3fZ", "Invalid Date")
 }
 
-pub fn date_to_json(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn date_to_json<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let obj = unsafe { &*native_try!(date_this(vm, args)) };
     let ms = get_timestamp(obj);
     if !ms.is_finite() {
@@ -477,23 +499,23 @@ pub fn date_to_json(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(vm.new_string(&s))
 }
 
-pub fn date_to_string(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn date_to_string<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     date_to_string_inner(vm, args, "%a %b %d %Y %H:%M:%S %Z %z", "Invalid Date")
 }
 
-pub fn date_to_date_string(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn date_to_date_string<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     date_to_string_inner(vm, args, "%a %b %d %Y", "Invalid Date")
 }
 
-pub fn date_to_time_string(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn date_to_time_string<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     date_to_string_inner(vm, args, "%H:%M:%S %Z", "Invalid Date")
 }
 
-pub fn date_to_utc_string(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn date_to_utc_string<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     date_to_string_inner(vm, args, "%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT", "Invalid Date")
 }
 
-pub fn date_value_of(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn date_value_of<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let obj = unsafe { &*native_try!(date_this(vm, args)) };
     let ms = get_timestamp(obj);
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(ms))
diff --git a/crates/oxide_builtins/src/error.rs b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/error.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..79a9555
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/error.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use oxide_kernel::shape_forge::EMPTY_SHAPE_ID;
+use oxide_runtime_api::{to_string, NativeResult, VmHost};
+use oxide_types::mem::P;
+use oxide_types::object::JsObject;
+use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
+
+fn create_error_object<H: VmHost>(host: &mut H, error_proto_ptr: *mut JsObject, name: &str, message: &str) -> JsValue {
+    let obj = host
+        .epoch()
+        .alloc(JsObject::new_empty(EMPTY_SHAPE_ID, JsValue::from_js_object(error_proto_ptr)));
+
+    let sf = Arc::clone(host.kernel_core().perm_interner());
+    let sh = Arc::clone(host.kernel_core().shape_forge());
+
+    let si_message = sf.intern("message").0;
+    let sh_message = sh.make_shape(EMPTY_SHAPE_ID, si_message);
+    let msg_val = host.new_string(message);
+    unsafe {
+        (*obj).set_shape_id(sh_message);
+        (*obj).push_prop(msg_val);
+    }
+
+    let si_name = sf.intern("name").0;
+    let sh_name = sh.make_shape(sh_message, si_name);
+    let name_val = host.new_string(name);
+    unsafe {
+        (*obj).set_shape_id(sh_name);
+        (*obj).push_prop(name_val);
+    }
+
+    JsValue::from_js_object(obj)
+}
+
+pub fn create_kind_error<H: VmHost>(host: &mut H, kind: &str, msg: &str) -> JsValue {
+    let proto_ptr = match kind {
+        "TypeError" => P::as_ptr(&host.session().builtin_world().type_error_proto) as *mut JsObject,
+        "RangeError" => P::as_ptr(&host.session().builtin_world().range_error_proto) as *mut JsObject,
+        "ReferenceError" => P::as_ptr(&host.session().builtin_world().reference_error_proto) as *mut JsObject,
+        "SyntaxError" => P::as_ptr(&host.session().builtin_world().syntax_error_proto) as *mut JsObject,
+        "URIError" => P::as_ptr(&host.session().builtin_world().uri_error_proto) as *mut JsObject,
+        "EvalError" => P::as_ptr(&host.session().builtin_world().eval_error_proto) as *mut JsObject,
+        _ => P::as_ptr(&host.session().builtin_world().error_proto) as *mut JsObject,
+    };
+    create_error_object(host, proto_ptr, kind, msg)
+}
+
+pub fn create_type_error<H: VmHost>(host: &mut H, msg: &str) -> JsValue {
+    create_kind_error(host, "TypeError", msg)
+}
+
+pub fn create_error<H: VmHost>(host: &mut H, msg: &str) -> JsValue {
+    create_kind_error(host, "Error", msg)
+}
+
+pub fn create_reference_error<H: VmHost>(host: &mut H, msg: &str) -> JsValue {
+    create_kind_error(host, "ReferenceError", msg)
+}
+
+pub fn create_range_error<H: VmHost>(host: &mut H, msg: &str) -> JsValue {
+    create_kind_error(host, "RangeError", msg)
+}
+
+pub fn create_syntax_error<H: VmHost>(host: &mut H, msg: &str) -> JsValue {
+    create_kind_error(host, "SyntaxError", msg)
+}
+
+pub fn create_uri_error<H: VmHost>(host: &mut H, msg: &str) -> JsValue {
+    create_kind_error(host, "URIError", msg)
+}
+
+fn get_msg<H: VmHost>(host: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> String {
+    if args.len() > 1 {
+        to_string(host.reg(args[1]))
+    } else {
+        String::new()
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn error_constructor<H: VmHost>(host: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+    let msg = get_msg(host, args);
+    let proto_ptr = P::as_ptr(&host.session().builtin_world().error_proto) as *mut JsObject;
+    NativeResult::Ok(create_error_object(host, proto_ptr, "Error", &msg))
+}
+
+pub fn type_error_constructor<H: VmHost>(host: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+    let msg = get_msg(host, args);
+    let proto_ptr = P::as_ptr(&host.session().builtin_world().type_error_proto) as *mut JsObject;
+    NativeResult::Ok(create_error_object(host, proto_ptr, "TypeError", &msg))
+}
+
+pub fn reference_error_constructor<H: VmHost>(host: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+    let msg = get_msg(host, args);
+    let proto_ptr = P::as_ptr(&host.session().builtin_world().reference_error_proto) as *mut JsObject;
+    NativeResult::Ok(create_error_object(host, proto_ptr, "ReferenceError", &msg))
+}
+
+pub fn range_error_constructor<H: VmHost>(host: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+    let msg = get_msg(host, args);
+    let proto_ptr = P::as_ptr(&host.session().builtin_world().range_error_proto) as *mut JsObject;
+    NativeResult::Ok(create_error_object(host, proto_ptr, "RangeError", &msg))
+}
+
+pub fn syntax_error_constructor<H: VmHost>(host: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+    let msg = get_msg(host, args);
+    let proto_ptr = P::as_ptr(&host.session().builtin_world().syntax_error_proto) as *mut JsObject;
+    NativeResult::Ok(create_error_object(host, proto_ptr, "SyntaxError", &msg))
+}
+
+pub fn uri_error_constructor<H: VmHost>(host: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+    let msg = get_msg(host, args);
+    let proto_ptr = P::as_ptr(&host.session().builtin_world().uri_error_proto) as *mut JsObject;
+    NativeResult::Ok(create_error_object(host, proto_ptr, "URIError", &msg))
+}
+
+pub fn eval_error_constructor<H: VmHost>(host: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+    let msg = get_msg(host, args);
+    let proto_ptr = P::as_ptr(&host.session().builtin_world().eval_error_proto) as *mut JsObject;
+    NativeResult::Ok(create_error_object(host, proto_ptr, "EvalError", &msg))
+}
+
+pub fn error_to_string<H: VmHost>(host: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+    let this_val = host.reg(args[0]);
+    let (name, msg) = if this_val.is_object() {
+        let obj = unsafe { &*this_val.as_js_object_ptr() };
+        let name_val = obj
+            .hash_props_vec()
+            .and_then(|v| v.first())
+            .copied()
+            .unwrap_or(JsValue::undefined());
+        let msg_val = obj
+            .hash_props_vec()
+            .and_then(|v| v.get(1))
+            .copied()
+            .unwrap_or(JsValue::undefined());
+        (
+            host.lookup_str(name_val).unwrap_or_else(|| "Error".to_string()),
+            host.lookup_str(msg_val).unwrap_or_default(),
+        )
+    } else {
+        ("Error".to_string(), String::new())
+    };
+    let result = oxide_runtime_api::format_error_message(&name, &msg);
+    NativeResult::Ok(host.new_string(&result))
+}
+
+pub fn error_stack_getter<H: VmHost>(host: &mut H, _args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+    let names = host.call_stack_function_names();
+    let mut lines: Vec<String> = names.iter().rev().map(|n| format!("    at {} (native)", n)).collect();
+    lines.push("    at <anonymous> (native)".to_string());
+    let result = lines.join("\n");
+    NativeResult::Ok(host.new_string(&result))
+}
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/function.rs b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/function.rs
similarity index 84%
rename from crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/function.rs
rename to crates/oxide_builtins/src/function.rs
index aa8d6ae..341256d 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/function.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/function.rs
@@ -2,10 +2,9 @@ use oxide_kernel::shape_forge::EMPTY_SHAPE_ID;
 use oxide_types::object::{JsObject, NativeFnPtr};
 use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
 
-use crate::vm::Vm;
-use oxide_runtime_api::NativeResult;
+use oxide_runtime_api::{NativeResult, VmHost};
 
-fn invoke_target(vm: &mut Vm, target_val: JsValue, this_val: JsValue, arg_regs: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+fn invoke_target<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, target_val: JsValue, this_val: JsValue, arg_regs: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let args: Vec<JsValue> = arg_regs.iter().map(|&r| vm.reg(r)).collect();
     NativeResult::TailCall {
         callee: target_val,
@@ -14,7 +13,7 @@ fn invoke_target(vm: &mut Vm, target_val: JsValue, this_val: JsValue, arg_regs:
     }
 }
 
-fn bind_dispatcher(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+fn bind_dispatcher<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let wrapper_val = vm.reg(254);
     let wrapper = unsafe { &*wrapper_val.as_js_object_ptr() };
     let bound_target = wrapper
@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ fn bind_dispatcher(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     invoke_target(vm, bound_target, bound_this, &arg_regs)
 }
 
-pub fn function_call(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn function_call<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     if args.is_empty() {
         return NativeResult::Err(JsValue::undefined());
     }
@@ -41,7 +40,7 @@ pub fn function_call(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     invoke_target(vm, target_val, this_val, &arg_regs)
 }
 
-pub fn function_apply(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn function_apply<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     if args.is_empty() {
         return NativeResult::Err(JsValue::undefined());
     }
@@ -81,7 +80,7 @@ pub fn function_apply(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     invoke_target(vm, target_val, this_val, &arg_regs)
 }
 
-pub fn function_bind(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn function_bind<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     if args.is_empty() {
         return NativeResult::Err(JsValue::undefined());
     }
@@ -95,7 +94,7 @@ pub fn function_bind(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     unsafe {
         (*wrapper).set_function(true);
         // SAFETY: bind_dispatcher is a NativeFn fn-item; valid to store as NativeFnPtr.
-        (*wrapper).set_native_fn(Some(NativeFnPtr::from_raw(bind_dispatcher as *const ())));
+        (*wrapper).set_native_fn(Some(NativeFnPtr::from_raw(bind_dispatcher::<H> as *const ())));
         (*wrapper).set_native_arg_count(0);
         (*wrapper).ensure_hash_props().push(target_val);
         (*wrapper).ensure_hash_props().push(bound_this);
@@ -104,10 +103,10 @@ pub fn function_bind(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::from_js_object(wrapper))
 }
 
-pub fn function_to_string(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn function_to_string<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let this_val = vm.reg(if args.is_empty() { 0 } else { args[0] });
     if !this_val.is_object() {
-        return NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(
+        return NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_type_error(
             vm,
             "Function.prototype.toString called on non-function",
         ));
@@ -115,7 +114,7 @@ pub fn function_to_string(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
 
     let func = unsafe { &*this_val.as_js_object_ptr() };
     if !func.is_function() {
-        return NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(
+        return NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_type_error(
             vm,
             "Function.prototype.toString called on non-function",
         ));
@@ -127,8 +126,8 @@ pub fn function_to_string(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
         .and_then(|v| vm.lookup_str(v))
         .unwrap_or_else(|| {
             let sub_idx = func.sub_module_index();
-            if sub_idx > 0 && (sub_idx as usize) <= vm.sub_modules.len() {
-                vm.sub_modules[sub_idx as usize - 1].function_name.clone().unwrap_or_default()
+            if sub_idx > 0 {
+                vm.sub_module_function_name((sub_idx - 1) as u16)
             } else {
                 String::new()
             }
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/global.rs b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/global.rs
similarity index 70%
rename from crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/global.rs
rename to crates/oxide_builtins/src/global.rs
index 1605137..4c24a76 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/global.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/global.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
+use oxide_runtime_api::VmHost;
 mod annex_b;
 mod uri;
 
-use crate::coercion;
-use crate::vm::Vm;
-
 pub use annex_b::{js_escape, js_unescape};
 pub use uri::{decode_uri, decode_uri_component, encode_uri, encode_uri_component};
 
-fn string_arg(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> String {
+fn string_arg<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> String {
     if args.len() > 1 {
-        coercion::to_string(vm.reg(args[1]))
+        oxide_runtime_api::to_string(vm.reg(args[1]))
     } else {
         "undefined".to_string()
     }
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/global/annex_b.rs b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/global/annex_b.rs
similarity index 94%
rename from crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/global/annex_b.rs
rename to crates/oxide_builtins/src/global/annex_b.rs
index dc7553c..9cbc9d5 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/global/annex_b.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/global/annex_b.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-use crate::vm::Vm;
-use oxide_runtime_api::NativeResult;
+use oxide_runtime_api::{NativeResult, VmHost};
 
 const ESCAPE_SAFE: &str = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789@*_+-./";
 
@@ -85,12 +84,12 @@ fn unescape_string(input: &str) -> String {
     out
 }
 
-pub fn js_escape(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn js_escape<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let input = super::string_arg(vm, args);
     NativeResult::Ok(vm.new_string(&escape_string(&input)))
 }
 
-pub fn js_unescape(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn js_unescape<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let input = super::string_arg(vm, args);
     NativeResult::Ok(vm.new_string(&unescape_string(&input)))
 }
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/global/uri.rs b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/global/uri.rs
similarity index 90%
rename from crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/global/uri.rs
rename to crates/oxide_builtins/src/global/uri.rs
index 1c5344f..77240b2 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/global/uri.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/global/uri.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-use crate::vm::Vm;
-use oxide_runtime_api::NativeResult;
+use oxide_runtime_api::{NativeResult, VmHost};
 
 const URI_UNESCAPED: &str = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789-_.!~*'()";
 const URI_RESERVED: &str = ";/?:@&=+$,#";
@@ -82,21 +81,21 @@ fn decode_uri_string(input: &str, preserve_reserved: bool) -> Result<String, ()>
     Ok(out)
 }
 
-fn uri_error(vm: &mut Vm) -> NativeResult {
-    NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_uri_error(vm, URI_ERROR_MESSAGE))
+fn uri_error<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H) -> NativeResult {
+    NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_uri_error(vm, URI_ERROR_MESSAGE))
 }
 
-pub fn encode_uri(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn encode_uri<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let input = super::string_arg(vm, args);
     NativeResult::Ok(vm.new_string(&encode_uri_string(&input, URI_SAFE)))
 }
 
-pub fn encode_uri_component(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn encode_uri_component<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let input = super::string_arg(vm, args);
     NativeResult::Ok(vm.new_string(&encode_uri_string(&input, URI_UNESCAPED)))
 }
 
-pub fn decode_uri(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn decode_uri<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let input = super::string_arg(vm, args);
     match decode_uri_string(&input, true) {
         Ok(decoded) => NativeResult::Ok(vm.new_string(&decoded)),
@@ -104,7 +103,7 @@ pub fn decode_uri(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn decode_uri_component(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn decode_uri_component<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let input = super::string_arg(vm, args);
     match decode_uri_string(&input, false) {
         Ok(decoded) => NativeResult::Ok(vm.new_string(&decoded)),
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/iterator.rs b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/iterator.rs
similarity index 76%
rename from crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/iterator.rs
rename to crates/oxide_builtins/src/iterator.rs
index 3f71ddc..ffe9884 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/iterator.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/iterator.rs
@@ -2,18 +2,16 @@ use oxide_kernel::shape_forge::EMPTY_SHAPE_ID;
 use oxide_types::object::JsObject;
 use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
 
-use crate::coercion;
-use crate::vm::Vm;
-use oxide_runtime_api::NativeResult;
+use oxide_runtime_api::{NativeResult, VmHost};
 
 const INNER_PROP: &str = "__inner__";
 const INDEX_PROP: &str = "__index__";
 
-pub fn iterator_constructor(vm: &mut Vm, _args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
-    NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, "Iterator is not a constructor"))
+pub fn iterator_constructor<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, _args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+    NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "Iterator is not a constructor"))
 }
 
-pub fn iterator_from(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn iterator_from<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let iterable = if args.len() > 1 { vm.reg(args[1]) } else { JsValue::undefined() };
     match make_iterator_for_value(vm, iterable) {
         Ok(iterator) => NativeResult::Ok(iterator),
@@ -21,7 +19,7 @@ pub fn iterator_from(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     }
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn make_iterator_for_value(vm: &mut Vm, value: JsValue) -> Result<JsValue, JsValue> {
+pub fn make_iterator_for_value<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, value: JsValue) -> Result<JsValue, JsValue> {
     let inner = get_iterator(vm, value)?;
     let object_proto = vm.session().builtin_world().object_proto.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject;
     let wrapper = vm
@@ -35,19 +33,16 @@ pub(crate) fn make_iterator_for_value(vm: &mut Vm, value: JsValue) -> Result<JsV
     vm.set_or_create_prop_value(wrapper_obj, inner_si, inner);
     vm.set_or_create_prop_value(wrapper_obj, index_si, JsValue::int(0));
 
-    let next_fn = make_native_function(vm, "next", iterator_wrapper_next as *const (), 0);
+    let next_fn = make_native_function(vm, "next", iterator_wrapper_next::<H> as *const (), 0);
     vm.set_or_create_prop_value(wrapper_obj, next_si, next_fn);
 
     Ok(JsValue::from_js_object(wrapper))
 }
 
-pub fn iterator_wrapper_next(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn iterator_wrapper_next<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let this_val = vm.reg(if args.is_empty() { 0 } else { args[0] });
     if !this_val.is_object() {
-        return NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(
-            vm,
-            "Iterator wrapper next called on non-object",
-        ));
+        return NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "Iterator wrapper next called on non-object"));
     }
 
     let wrapper = unsafe { &mut *this_val.as_js_object_ptr() };
@@ -55,12 +50,7 @@ pub fn iterator_wrapper_next(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let index_si = vm.kernel_core().perm_interner().intern(INDEX_PROP).0;
     let inner = match vm.ordinary_get(wrapper, inner_si, this_val) {
         Ok(inner) if !inner.is_undefined() => inner,
-        _ => {
-            return NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(
-                vm,
-                "Iterator wrapper has no inner iterator",
-            ))
-        }
+        _ => return NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "Iterator wrapper has no inner iterator")),
     };
 
     if let Some(result) = next_array_like(vm, wrapper, inner, index_si) {
@@ -72,18 +62,18 @@ pub fn iterator_wrapper_next(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
         let next_si = vm.kernel_core().perm_interner().intern("next").0;
         let next = match vm.ordinary_get(inner_obj, next_si, inner) {
             Ok(next) => next,
-            Err(err) => return NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, &err)),
+            Err(err) => return NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, &err)),
         };
         return match vm.call_function_sync(next, inner, &[]) {
             Ok(result) => NativeResult::Ok(result),
-            Err(err) => NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, &err)),
+            Err(err) => NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, &err)),
         };
     }
 
-    NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, "value is not iterable"))
+    NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "value is not iterable"))
 }
 
-fn get_iterator(vm: &mut Vm, value: JsValue) -> Result<JsValue, JsValue> {
+fn get_iterator<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, value: JsValue) -> Result<JsValue, JsValue> {
     if value.is_string() || is_array_value(value) {
         return Ok(value);
     }
@@ -98,10 +88,10 @@ fn get_iterator(vm: &mut Vm, value: JsValue) -> Result<JsValue, JsValue> {
         }
     }
 
-    Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, "value is not iterable"))
+    Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "value is not iterable"))
 }
 
-fn next_array_like(vm: &mut Vm, wrapper: &mut JsObject, inner: JsValue, index_si: u32) -> Option<JsValue> {
+fn next_array_like<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, wrapper: &mut JsObject, inner: JsValue, index_si: u32) -> Option<JsValue> {
     if is_array_value(inner) {
         let index = current_index(vm, wrapper, index_si);
         let arr = unsafe { &*inner.as_js_object_ptr() };
@@ -115,7 +105,7 @@ fn next_array_like(vm: &mut Vm, wrapper: &mut JsObject, inner: JsValue, index_si
 
     if inner.is_string() {
         let index = current_index(vm, wrapper, index_si);
-        let source = coercion::to_string(inner);
+        let source = oxide_runtime_api::to_string(inner);
         let mut chars = source.chars();
         if let Some(ch) = chars.nth(index) {
             vm.set_or_create_prop_value(wrapper, index_si, JsValue::int((index + 1) as i32));
@@ -128,7 +118,7 @@ fn next_array_like(vm: &mut Vm, wrapper: &mut JsObject, inner: JsValue, index_si
     None
 }
 
-fn current_index(vm: &mut Vm, wrapper: &JsObject, index_si: u32) -> usize {
+fn current_index<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, wrapper: &JsObject, index_si: u32) -> usize {
     match vm.ordinary_get(wrapper, index_si, JsValue::undefined()) {
         Ok(value) if value.is_int() => value.as_int().max(0) as usize,
         Ok(value) if value.is_double() => value.as_double().max(0.0) as usize,
@@ -136,7 +126,7 @@ fn current_index(vm: &mut Vm, wrapper: &JsObject, index_si: u32) -> usize {
     }
 }
 
-fn make_iter_result(vm: &mut Vm, value: JsValue, done: bool) -> JsValue {
+fn make_iter_result<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, value: JsValue, done: bool) -> JsValue {
     let object_proto = vm.session().builtin_world().object_proto.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject;
     let obj = vm
         .epoch()
@@ -149,7 +139,7 @@ fn make_iter_result(vm: &mut Vm, value: JsValue, done: bool) -> JsValue {
     JsValue::from_js_object(obj)
 }
 
-fn make_native_function(vm: &mut Vm, name: &str, native_fn: *const (), arg_count: u8) -> JsValue {
+fn make_native_function<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, name: &str, native_fn: *const (), arg_count: u8) -> JsValue {
     let function_proto = vm.session().builtin_world().function_proto.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject;
     let mut func = JsObject::new_empty(EMPTY_SHAPE_ID, JsValue::from_js_object(function_proto));
     func.set_function(true);
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/json.rs b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/json.rs
similarity index 84%
rename from crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/json.rs
rename to crates/oxide_builtins/src/json.rs
index 3fda873..b19df61 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/json.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/json.rs
@@ -5,20 +5,17 @@ use oxide_kernel::shape_forge::EMPTY_SHAPE_ID;
 use oxide_types::object::JsObject;
 use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
 
-use crate::builtins::object::walk_own_keys;
-use crate::vm::Vm;
-use oxide_runtime_api::NativeResult;
+use crate::object::walk_own_keys;
 
-pub fn json_parse(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+use oxide_runtime_api::{NativeResult, VmHost};
+
+pub fn json_parse<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     if args.len() < 2 {
-        return NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_syntax_error(vm, "JSON.parse requires 1 argument"));
+        return NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_syntax_error(vm, "JSON.parse requires 1 argument"));
     }
     let val = vm.reg(args[1]);
     if !val.is_string() {
-        return NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_syntax_error(
-            vm,
-            "JSON.parse: argument is not a string",
-        ));
+        return NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_syntax_error(vm, "JSON.parse: argument is not a string"));
     }
     let text = {
         // SAFETY: val is a string value.
@@ -27,13 +24,13 @@ pub fn json_parse(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
 
     let parsed: serde_json::Value = match serde_json::from_str(&text) {
         Ok(v) => v,
-        Err(e) => return NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_syntax_error(vm, &format!("{}", e))),
+        Err(e) => return NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_syntax_error(vm, &format!("{}", e))),
     };
 
     NativeResult::Ok(value_to_jsvalue(vm, &parsed))
 }
 
-fn value_to_jsvalue(vm: &mut Vm, val: &serde_json::Value) -> JsValue {
+fn value_to_jsvalue<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, val: &serde_json::Value) -> JsValue {
     match val {
         serde_json::Value::Null => JsValue::null(),
         serde_json::Value::Bool(b) => JsValue::bool(*b),
@@ -78,7 +75,7 @@ fn value_to_jsvalue(vm: &mut Vm, val: &serde_json::Value) -> JsValue {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn json_stringify(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn json_stringify<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::undefined());
     }
@@ -89,12 +86,14 @@ pub fn json_stringify(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let mut visited = HashSet::new();
     let mut output = String::new();
     if jsvalue_to_json(vm, value, &mut visited, &mut output).is_err() {
-        return NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, "cyclic object value"));
+        return NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "cyclic object value"));
     };
     NativeResult::Ok(vm.new_string(&output))
 }
 
-fn jsvalue_to_json(vm: &Vm, val: JsValue, visited: &mut HashSet<*const u8>, out: &mut String) -> Result<(), ()> {
+fn jsvalue_to_json<H: VmHost>(
+    vm: &H, val: JsValue, visited: &mut HashSet<*const u8>, out: &mut String,
+) -> Result<(), ()> {
     if val.is_null() {
         out.push_str("null");
     } else if val.is_undefined() {
@@ -163,7 +162,9 @@ fn stringify_string(s: &str, out: &mut String) {
     out.push('"');
 }
 
-fn stringify_object(vm: &Vm, obj: &JsObject, visited: &mut HashSet<*const u8>, out: &mut String) -> Result<(), ()> {
+fn stringify_object<H: VmHost>(
+    vm: &H, obj: &JsObject, visited: &mut HashSet<*const u8>, out: &mut String,
+) -> Result<(), ()> {
     out.push('{');
     let keys = walk_own_keys(vm, obj);
     let mut first = true;
@@ -193,7 +194,9 @@ fn stringify_object(vm: &Vm, obj: &JsObject, visited: &mut HashSet<*const u8>, o
     Ok(())
 }
 
-fn stringify_array(vm: &Vm, obj: &JsObject, visited: &mut HashSet<*const u8>, out: &mut String) -> Result<(), ()> {
+fn stringify_array<H: VmHost>(
+    vm: &H, obj: &JsObject, visited: &mut HashSet<*const u8>, out: &mut String,
+) -> Result<(), ()> {
     out.push('[');
     let len = obj.prop_vec_len();
     for i in 0..len {
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/mod.rs b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/lib.rs
similarity index 100%
rename from crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/mod.rs
rename to crates/oxide_builtins/src/lib.rs
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/map.rs b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/map.rs
similarity index 80%
rename from crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/map.rs
rename to crates/oxide_builtins/src/map.rs
index 0f54d26..49c8674 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/map.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/map.rs
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ use oxide_kernel::shape_forge::EMPTY_SHAPE_ID;
 use oxide_types::object::JsObject;
 use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
 
-use crate::builtins::set::SetKey;
-use crate::vm::Vm;
-use oxide_runtime_api::NativeResult;
+use crate::set::SetKey;
+
+use oxide_runtime_api::{NativeResult, VmHost};
 
 macro_rules! native_try {
     ($expr:expr) => {
@@ -27,20 +27,20 @@ type MapInner = indexmap::IndexMap<SetKey, JsValue>;
 /// is created in `new_map_inner()` and is never freed until the process exits (intentional
 /// leak — lifetime is tied to the epoch). Only one live `*mut` alias exists at a time
 /// per Map object because native calls are single-threaded.
-fn get_map_inner(vm: &mut Vm, this_val: JsValue) -> Result<*mut MapInner, JsValue> {
+fn get_map_inner<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, this_val: JsValue) -> Result<*mut MapInner, JsValue> {
     if !this_val.is_object() {
-        return Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, "called on non-Map object"));
+        return Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "called on non-Map object"));
     }
     let map_ptr = this_val.as_js_object_ptr();
     if map_ptr.is_null() {
-        return Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, "Map internal state invalid"));
+        return Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "Map internal state invalid"));
     }
     // SAFETY: map_ptr is a non-null, aligned pointer to a JsObject bump-allocated in the
     // current Epoch. It remains valid for the duration of this call (epoch is not reset
     // during native execution).
     let map_obj = unsafe { &*map_ptr };
     if !map_obj.is_map() {
-        return Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(
+        return Err(crate::error::create_type_error(
             vm,
             "Map.prototype method called on incompatible receiver",
         ));
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ fn get_map_inner(vm: &mut Vm, this_val: JsValue) -> Result<*mut MapInner, JsValu
     // Alignment: IndexMap requires at most 8-byte alignment; the global allocator satisfies this.
     let inner_ptr = map_obj.native_data() as *mut MapInner;
     if inner_ptr.is_null() {
-        return Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, "Map internal state invalid"));
+        return Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "Map internal state invalid"));
     }
     Ok(inner_ptr)
 }
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ fn new_map_inner() -> *mut MapInner {
     Box::into_raw(Box::new(MapInner::new()))
 }
 
-fn alloc_map(vm: &mut Vm) -> *mut JsObject {
+fn alloc_map<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H) -> *mut JsObject {
     let map_proto = vm.session().builtin_world().map_proto.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject;
     let mut obj = JsObject::new_empty(EMPTY_SHAPE_ID, JsValue::from_js_object(map_proto));
     obj.set_map(true);
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ fn alloc_map(vm: &mut Vm) -> *mut JsObject {
     vm.alloc_object(obj)
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn map_native_edges(obj: &JsObject) -> Vec<JsValue> {
+pub fn map_native_edges(obj: &JsObject) -> Vec<JsValue> {
     if !obj.is_map() {
         return Vec::new();
     }
@@ -80,12 +80,12 @@ pub(crate) fn map_native_edges(obj: &JsObject) -> Vec<JsValue> {
         (*inner)
             .iter()
             .flat_map(|(key, value)| [key.0, *value])
-            .filter(|value| value.is_object())
+            .filter(|value: &JsValue| value.is_object())
             .collect()
     }
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn clone_map_native_with_rewrite<F>(src: &JsObject, dst: &mut JsObject, mut rewrite: F)
+pub fn clone_map_native_with_rewrite<F>(src: &JsObject, dst: &mut JsObject, mut rewrite: F)
 where
     F: FnMut(JsValue) -> JsValue,
 {
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ where
     dst.set_native_data(Box::into_raw(Box::new(cloned)) as *mut u8);
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn rewrite_map_native<F>(obj: &mut JsObject, mut rewrite: F)
+pub fn rewrite_map_native<F>(obj: &mut JsObject, mut rewrite: F)
 where
     F: FnMut(JsValue) -> JsValue,
 {
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn drop_map_native(obj: &mut JsObject) -> u64 {
+pub fn drop_map_native(obj: &mut JsObject) -> u64 {
     if !obj.is_map() {
         return 0;
     }
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ pub(crate) fn drop_map_native(obj: &mut JsObject) -> u64 {
         return 0;
     }
     unsafe {
-        let boxed = Box::from_raw(inner);
+        let boxed: Box<MapInner> = Box::from_raw(inner);
         let bytes = std::mem::size_of::<MapInner>() + boxed.capacity() * std::mem::size_of::<(SetKey, JsValue)>();
         drop(boxed);
         obj.set_native_data(std::ptr::null_mut());
@@ -147,12 +147,12 @@ pub(crate) fn drop_map_native(obj: &mut JsObject) -> u64 {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn map_constructor(vm: &mut Vm, _args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn map_constructor<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, _args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let map_obj = alloc_map(vm);
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::from_js_object(map_obj))
 }
 
-pub fn map_set(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn map_set<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let this_val = vm.reg(if args.is_empty() { 0 } else { args[0] });
     let inner = native_try!(get_map_inner(vm, this_val));
     let key = vm.reg(if args.len() > 1 { args[1] } else { 0 });
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ pub fn map_set(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(this_val)
 }
 
-pub fn map_get(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn map_get<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let this_val = vm.reg(if args.is_empty() { 0 } else { args[0] });
     let inner = native_try!(get_map_inner(vm, this_val));
     let key = vm.reg(if args.len() > 1 { args[1] } else { 0 });
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ pub fn map_get(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(found.unwrap_or(JsValue::undefined()))
 }
 
-pub fn map_has(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn map_has<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let this_val = vm.reg(if args.is_empty() { 0 } else { args[0] });
     let inner = native_try!(get_map_inner(vm, this_val));
     let key = vm.reg(if args.len() > 1 { args[1] } else { 0 });
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ pub fn map_has(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(found))
 }
 
-pub fn map_delete(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn map_delete<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let this_val = vm.reg(if args.is_empty() { 0 } else { args[0] });
     let inner = native_try!(get_map_inner(vm, this_val));
     let key = vm.reg(if args.len() > 1 { args[1] } else { 0 });
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ pub fn map_delete(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(removed.is_some()))
 }
 
-pub fn map_clear(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn map_clear<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let this_val = vm.reg(if args.is_empty() { 0 } else { args[0] });
     let inner = native_try!(get_map_inner(vm, this_val));
     unsafe {
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ pub fn map_clear(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::undefined())
 }
 
-pub fn map_size(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn map_size<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let this_val = vm.reg(if args.is_empty() { 0 } else { args[0] });
     let inner = native_try!(get_map_inner(vm, this_val));
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(unsafe { (*inner).len() } as f64))
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/math.rs b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/math.rs
similarity index 73%
rename from crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/math.rs
rename to crates/oxide_builtins/src/math.rs
index c4b709f..2386687 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/math.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/math.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
 use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
 
-use crate::coercion;
-use crate::vm::Vm;
-use oxide_runtime_api::NativeResult;
+use oxide_runtime_api::{NativeResult, VmHost};
 
-fn num(vm: &Vm, reg: u8) -> f64 {
-    coercion::to_number(vm.reg(reg))
+fn num<H: VmHost>(vm: &H, reg: u8) -> f64 {
+    oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(reg))
 }
 
-fn arg1(vm: &Vm, args: &[u8]) -> f64 {
+fn arg1<H: VmHost>(vm: &H, args: &[u8]) -> f64 {
     if args.len() < 2 {
         f64::NAN
     } else {
@@ -16,14 +14,14 @@ fn arg1(vm: &Vm, args: &[u8]) -> f64 {
     }
 }
 
-fn arg2(vm: &Vm, args: &[u8]) -> (f64, f64) {
+fn arg2<H: VmHost>(vm: &H, args: &[u8]) -> (f64, f64) {
     (
         if args.len() > 1 { num(vm, args[1]) } else { f64::NAN },
         if args.len() > 2 { num(vm, args[2]) } else { f64::NAN },
     )
 }
 
-pub fn math_abs(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn math_abs<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(f64::NAN));
     }
@@ -37,7 +35,7 @@ pub fn math_abs(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
 
 macro_rules! math_unary {
     ($name:ident, $op:ident) => {
-        pub fn $name(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+        pub fn $name<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
             NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(arg1(vm, args).$op()))
         }
     };
@@ -67,18 +65,18 @@ math_unary!(math_tan, tan);
 math_unary!(math_tanh, tanh);
 math_unary!(math_trunc, trunc);
 
-pub fn math_atan2(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn math_atan2<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let (a, b) = arg2(vm, args);
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(a.atan2(b)))
 }
 
-pub fn math_round(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn math_round<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let x = arg1(vm, args);
     let r = if x < 0.0 { (x - 0.5).ceil() } else { (x + 0.5).floor() };
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(r))
 }
 
-pub fn math_sign(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn math_sign<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let x = arg1(vm, args);
     if x.is_nan() {
         NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(f64::NAN))
@@ -91,31 +89,31 @@ pub fn math_sign(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn math_clz32(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn math_clz32<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let n = arg1(vm, args) as u32;
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::int(n.leading_zeros() as i32))
 }
 
-pub fn math_fround(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn math_fround<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(arg1(vm, args) as f32 as f64))
 }
 
-pub fn math_hypot(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn math_hypot<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let (a, b) = arg2(vm, args);
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(a.hypot(b)))
 }
 
-pub fn math_imul(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn math_imul<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let (a, b) = arg2(vm, args);
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::int((a as i32).wrapping_mul(b as i32)))
 }
 
-pub fn math_pow(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn math_pow<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let (a, b) = arg2(vm, args);
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(a.powf(b)))
 }
 
-pub fn math_max(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn math_max<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(f64::NEG_INFINITY));
     }
@@ -132,7 +130,7 @@ pub fn math_max(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(m))
 }
 
-pub fn math_min(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn math_min<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(f64::INFINITY));
     }
@@ -149,7 +147,7 @@ pub fn math_min(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(m))
 }
 
-pub fn math_random(vm: &mut Vm, _args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn math_random<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, _args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     vm.step_rng();
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(vm.math_rng_value()))
 }
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/number.rs b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/number.rs
similarity index 76%
rename from crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/number.rs
rename to crates/oxide_builtins/src/number.rs
index 0912c07..fb0998a 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/number.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/number.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
 
-use crate::coercion;
-use crate::vm::Vm;
-use oxide_runtime_api::NativeResult;
+use oxide_runtime_api::{NativeResult, VmHost};
 
-pub fn number_constructor(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
-    let n = if args.len() > 1 { coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[1])) } else { 0.0 };
+pub fn number_constructor<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+    let n = if args.len() > 1 { oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[1])) } else { 0.0 };
     let number_proto = vm.session().builtin_world().number_proto.as_ptr() as *mut oxide_types::object::JsObject;
     let is_ctor = if let Some(this_reg) = args.first().copied() {
         let this_val = vm.reg(this_reg);
@@ -44,7 +42,7 @@ pub fn number_constructor(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn number_is_nan(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn number_is_nan<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(false));
     }
@@ -56,7 +54,7 @@ pub fn number_is_nan(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn number_is_finite(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn number_is_finite<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(false));
     }
@@ -67,15 +65,15 @@ pub fn number_is_finite(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     if val.is_double() {
         return NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(val.as_double().is_finite()));
     }
-    let n = coercion::to_number(val);
+    let n = oxide_runtime_api::to_number(val);
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(n.is_finite()))
 }
 
-pub fn number_parse_int(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn number_parse_int<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(f64::NAN));
     }
-    let s = coercion::to_string(vm.reg(args[1]));
+    let s = oxide_runtime_api::to_string(vm.reg(args[1]));
     let s = s.trim();
 
     if s.is_empty() {
@@ -83,7 +81,7 @@ pub fn number_parse_int(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     }
 
     let radix = if args.len() > 2 {
-        let r = coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[2])) as i32;
+        let r = oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[2])) as i32;
         if r == 0 {
             10
         } else {
@@ -112,11 +110,11 @@ pub fn number_parse_int(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(f64::NAN))
 }
 
-pub fn number_parse_float(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn number_parse_float<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(f64::NAN));
     }
-    let s = coercion::to_string(vm.reg(args[1]));
+    let s = oxide_runtime_api::to_string(vm.reg(args[1]));
     let s = s.trim();
 
     if s.is_empty() {
@@ -129,10 +127,10 @@ pub fn number_parse_float(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn number_to_string(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
-    let n = coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[0]));
+pub fn number_to_string<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+    let n = oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[0]));
     let radix = if args.len() > 1 {
-        let r = coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[1])) as u32;
+        let r = oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[1])) as u32;
         r.clamp(2, 36)
     } else {
         10u32
@@ -180,10 +178,10 @@ pub fn number_to_string(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn number_to_fixed(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
-    let n = coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[0]));
+pub fn number_to_fixed<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+    let n = oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[0]));
     let digits = if args.len() > 1 {
-        coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[1])) as usize
+        oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[1])) as usize
     } else {
         0usize
     }
@@ -193,23 +191,23 @@ pub fn number_to_fixed(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(vm.new_string(&formatted))
 }
 
-pub fn number_is_integer(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn number_is_integer<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let val = vm.reg(if args.len() > 1 { args[1] } else { args[0] });
-    let n = coercion::to_number(val);
+    let n = oxide_runtime_api::to_number(val);
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(n.trunc() == n && n.is_finite()))
 }
 
-pub fn number_is_safe_integer(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn number_is_safe_integer<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let val = vm.reg(if args.len() > 1 { args[1] } else { args[0] });
-    let n = coercion::to_number(val);
+    let n = oxide_runtime_api::to_number(val);
     let safe = n.trunc() == n && n.is_finite() && n >= -9007199254740991i64 as f64 && n <= 9007199254740991i64 as f64;
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(safe))
 }
 
-pub fn number_to_exponential(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
-    let n = coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[0]));
+pub fn number_to_exponential<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+    let n = oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[0]));
     let digits = if args.len() > 1 {
-        coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[1])) as usize
+        oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[1])) as usize
     } else {
         0usize
     }
@@ -224,10 +222,10 @@ pub fn number_to_exponential(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(vm.new_string(&formatted))
 }
 
-pub fn number_to_precision(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
-    let n = coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[0]));
+pub fn number_to_precision<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+    let n = oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[0]));
     let precision = if args.len() > 1 {
-        coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[1])) as usize
+        oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[1])) as usize
     } else {
         0usize
     }
@@ -242,7 +240,7 @@ pub fn number_to_precision(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(vm.new_string(&formatted))
 }
 
-pub fn number_value_of(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn number_value_of<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let this_val = vm.reg(args[0]);
     if this_val.is_int() || this_val.is_double() {
         return NativeResult::Ok(this_val);
@@ -256,7 +254,7 @@ pub fn number_value_of(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
             }
         }
     }
-    NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(
+    NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_type_error(
         vm,
         "Number.prototype.valueOf called on incompatible receiver",
     ))
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/object.rs b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/object.rs
similarity index 82%
rename from crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/object.rs
rename to crates/oxide_builtins/src/object.rs
index aeaf671..8758769 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/object.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/object.rs
@@ -4,11 +4,9 @@ use oxide_types::object::{JsObject, PropAttributes};
 use oxide_types::private_key::is_private_name_key;
 use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
 
-use crate::coercion;
-use crate::vm::Vm;
-use oxide_runtime_api::NativeResult;
+use oxide_runtime_api::{NativeResult, VmHost};
 
-pub(crate) fn walk_own_keys(vm: &Vm, obj: &JsObject) -> Vec<(u32, u32)> {
+pub(crate) fn walk_own_keys<H: VmHost>(vm: &H, obj: &JsObject) -> Vec<(u32, u32)> {
     let mut keys: Vec<(u32, u32)> = Vec::new();
     let shape_id = obj.shape_id();
     let mut pos: u32 = 0;
@@ -38,12 +36,12 @@ pub(crate) fn walk_own_keys(vm: &Vm, obj: &JsObject) -> Vec<(u32, u32)> {
     keys
 }
 
-pub fn object_constructor(vm: &mut Vm, _args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn object_constructor<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, _args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let obj = vm.alloc_object(JsObject::new_empty(EMPTY_SHAPE_ID, JsValue::null()));
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::from_js_object(obj))
 }
 
-pub fn object_keys(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn object_keys<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return NativeResult::Err(JsValue::undefined());
     }
@@ -86,7 +84,7 @@ pub fn object_keys(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::from_js_object(arr))
 }
 
-pub fn object_create(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn object_create<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::undefined());
     }
@@ -98,14 +96,14 @@ pub fn object_create(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::from_js_object(obj))
 }
 
-pub fn object_assign(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn object_assign<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     if args.len() < 2 {
-        return NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, "Object.assign requires a target"));
+        return NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "Object.assign requires a target"));
     }
     let target_val = vm.reg(args[1]);
-    let target_val = match coercion::to_object(target_val, vm) {
+    let target_val = match oxide_runtime_api::to_object(target_val, vm) {
         Ok(val) => val,
-        Err(msg) => return NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, &msg)),
+        Err(msg) => return NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, &msg)),
     };
     let target_ptr = target_val.as_js_object_ptr();
     if target_ptr.is_null() {
@@ -133,13 +131,13 @@ pub fn object_assign(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(target_val)
 }
 
-pub fn object_is(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn object_is<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let lhs = if args.len() > 1 { vm.reg(args[1]) } else { JsValue::undefined() };
     let rhs = if args.len() > 2 { vm.reg(args[2]) } else { JsValue::undefined() };
-    NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(coercion::same_value(lhs, rhs)))
+    NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(oxide_runtime_api::same_value(lhs, rhs)))
 }
 
-pub fn object_define_property(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn object_define_property<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     if args.len() < 4 {
         return NativeResult::Err(JsValue::undefined());
     }
@@ -159,7 +157,7 @@ pub fn object_define_property(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     if desc_ptr.is_null() {
         return NativeResult::Err(JsValue::undefined());
     }
-    let prop_name_str = coercion::to_string(vm.reg(args[2]));
+    let prop_name_str = oxide_runtime_api::to_string(vm.reg(args[2]));
     let si = vm.kernel_core().perm_interner().intern(&prop_name_str).0;
 
     let value_si = vm.kernel_core().perm_interner().intern("value").0;
@@ -174,13 +172,17 @@ pub fn object_define_property(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let get_field = own_field(vm, desc, get_si);
     let set_field = own_field(vm, desc, set_si);
     let writable_field = own_field(vm, desc, writable_si);
-    let enumerable = own_field(vm, desc, enumerable_si).map(coercion::to_boolean).unwrap_or(false);
-    let configurable = own_field(vm, desc, configurable_si).map(coercion::to_boolean).unwrap_or(false);
+    let enumerable = own_field(vm, desc, enumerable_si)
+        .map(oxide_runtime_api::to_boolean)
+        .unwrap_or(false);
+    let configurable = own_field(vm, desc, configurable_si)
+        .map(oxide_runtime_api::to_boolean)
+        .unwrap_or(false);
 
     let has_data = value_field.is_some() || writable_field.is_some();
     let has_accessor = get_field.is_some() || set_field.is_some();
     if has_data && has_accessor {
-        return NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(
+        return NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_type_error(
             vm,
             "Invalid property descriptor: cannot mix data and accessor fields",
         ));
@@ -191,7 +193,7 @@ pub fn object_define_property(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
         let get = get_field.unwrap_or(JsValue::undefined());
         let set = set_field.unwrap_or(JsValue::undefined());
         if (!get.is_undefined() && !is_callable(get)) || (!set.is_undefined() && !is_callable(set)) {
-            return NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(
+            return NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_type_error(
                 vm,
                 "accessor descriptor get/set must be callable or undefined",
             ));
@@ -200,22 +202,22 @@ pub fn object_define_property(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
             .define_accessor_property(obj, si, get, set, PropAttributes::new(false, enumerable, configurable))
             .is_err()
         {
-            return NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, "Cannot define property"));
+            return NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "Cannot define property"));
         }
     } else {
         let value = value_field.unwrap_or(JsValue::undefined());
-        let writable = writable_field.map(coercion::to_boolean).unwrap_or(false);
+        let writable = writable_field.map(oxide_runtime_api::to_boolean).unwrap_or(false);
         if vm
             .define_data_property(obj, si, value, PropAttributes::new(writable, enumerable, configurable))
             .is_err()
         {
-            return NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, "Cannot define property"));
+            return NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "Cannot define property"));
         }
     }
     NativeResult::Ok(obj_val)
 }
 
-pub fn object_get_own_property_descriptor(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn object_get_own_property_descriptor<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     if args.len() < 3 {
         return NativeResult::Err(JsValue::undefined());
     }
@@ -227,7 +229,7 @@ pub fn object_get_own_property_descriptor(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeRes
     if obj_ptr.is_null() {
         return NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::undefined());
     }
-    let prop_name_str = coercion::to_string(vm.reg(args[2]));
+    let prop_name_str = oxide_runtime_api::to_string(vm.reg(args[2]));
     let si = vm.kernel_core().perm_interner().intern(&prop_name_str).0;
 
     let (found_value, found_meta, found) = {
@@ -277,7 +279,7 @@ pub fn object_get_own_property_descriptor(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeRes
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::from_js_object(desc))
 }
 
-fn own_field(vm: &Vm, obj: &JsObject, prop_si: u32) -> Option<JsValue> {
+fn own_field<H: VmHost>(vm: &H, obj: &JsObject, prop_si: u32) -> Option<JsValue> {
     vm.kernel_core()
         .shape_forge()
         .lookup_position(obj.shape_id(), prop_si)
@@ -300,26 +302,17 @@ fn push_desc_prop(obj: &mut JsObject, shape_forge: &ShapeForge, prop_si: u32, va
     obj.push_prop(val);
 }
 
-fn require_obj_arg(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8], fn_name: &str) -> Result<*mut JsObject, JsValue> {
+fn require_obj_arg<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8], fn_name: &str) -> Result<*mut JsObject, JsValue> {
     if args.len() < 2 {
-        return Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(
-            vm,
-            &format!("Object.{fn_name} called on non-object"),
-        ));
+        return Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, &format!("Object.{fn_name} called on non-object")));
     }
     let val = vm.reg(args[1]);
     if !val.is_object() {
-        return Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(
-            vm,
-            &format!("Object.{fn_name} called on non-object"),
-        ));
+        return Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, &format!("Object.{fn_name} called on non-object")));
     }
     let ptr = val.as_js_object_ptr();
     if ptr.is_null() {
-        return Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(
-            vm,
-            &format!("Object.{fn_name} called on non-object"),
-        ));
+        return Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, &format!("Object.{fn_name} called on non-object")));
     }
     Ok(ptr)
 }
@@ -333,7 +326,7 @@ macro_rules! native_try {
     };
 }
 
-pub fn object_freeze(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn object_freeze<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::undefined());
     }
@@ -344,7 +337,7 @@ pub fn object_freeze(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(val)
 }
 
-pub fn object_seal(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn object_seal<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::undefined());
     }
@@ -355,7 +348,7 @@ pub fn object_seal(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(val)
 }
 
-pub fn object_prevent_extensions(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn object_prevent_extensions<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::undefined());
     }
@@ -366,7 +359,7 @@ pub fn object_prevent_extensions(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(val)
 }
 
-pub fn object_is_frozen(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn object_is_frozen<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(true));
     }
@@ -377,7 +370,7 @@ pub fn object_is_frozen(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(false))
 }
 
-pub fn object_is_sealed(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn object_is_sealed<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(true));
     }
@@ -388,12 +381,12 @@ pub fn object_is_sealed(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(false))
 }
 
-pub fn object_is_extensible(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn object_is_extensible<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     native_try!(require_obj_arg(vm, args, "isExtensible"));
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(true))
 }
 
-pub fn object_get_own_property_names(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn object_get_own_property_names<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let obj_ptr = native_try!(require_obj_arg(vm, args, "getOwnPropertyNames"));
 
     let key_names: Vec<String> = {
@@ -424,7 +417,7 @@ pub fn object_get_own_property_names(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::from_js_object(arr))
 }
 
-pub fn object_define_properties(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn object_define_properties<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     if args.len() < 3 {
         return NativeResult::Ok(vm.reg(args[1]));
     }
@@ -436,7 +429,7 @@ pub fn object_define_properties(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(vm.reg(args[1]))
 }
 
-pub fn object_from_entries(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn object_from_entries<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::null());
     }
@@ -451,12 +444,12 @@ pub fn object_from_entries(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::from_js_object(obj_ptr))
 }
 
-pub fn object_get_prototype_of(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn object_get_prototype_of<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let obj_ptr = native_try!(require_obj_arg(vm, args, "getPrototypeOf"));
     NativeResult::Ok(unsafe { (*obj_ptr).proto() })
 }
 
-pub fn object_has_own(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn object_has_own<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     if args.len() < 3 {
         return NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(false));
     }
@@ -466,13 +459,13 @@ pub fn object_has_own(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(vm.get_own_property_slot(obj, key_si).is_some()))
 }
 
-pub fn object_proto_has_own_property(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn object_proto_has_own_property<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(false));
     }
     let this_val = vm.reg(args[0]);
     if !this_val.is_object() || this_val.as_js_object_ptr().is_null() {
-        return NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(
+        return NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_type_error(
             vm,
             "Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty called on non-object",
         ));
@@ -482,13 +475,13 @@ pub fn object_proto_has_own_property(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(vm.get_own_property_slot(obj, key_si).is_some()))
 }
 
-pub fn object_proto_property_is_enumerable(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn object_proto_property_is_enumerable<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(false));
     }
     let this_val = vm.reg(args[0]);
     if !this_val.is_object() || this_val.as_js_object_ptr().is_null() {
-        return NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(
+        return NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_type_error(
             vm,
             "Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable called on non-object",
         ));
@@ -505,7 +498,7 @@ pub fn object_proto_property_is_enumerable(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeRe
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(enumerable))
 }
 
-pub fn object_entries(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn object_entries<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let obj_ptr = native_try!(require_obj_arg(vm, args, "entries"));
     let obj = unsafe { &*obj_ptr };
     let keys = walk_own_keys(vm, obj);
@@ -540,7 +533,7 @@ pub fn object_entries(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::from_js_object(arr))
 }
 
-pub fn object_values(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn object_values<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let obj_ptr = native_try!(require_obj_arg(vm, args, "values"));
     let obj = unsafe { &*obj_ptr };
     let keys = walk_own_keys(vm, obj);
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/reflect.rs b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/reflect.rs
similarity index 82%
rename from crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/reflect.rs
rename to crates/oxide_builtins/src/reflect.rs
index c8fc1f9..c775db5 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/reflect.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/reflect.rs
@@ -2,12 +2,11 @@ use oxide_kernel::shape_forge::EMPTY_SHAPE_ID;
 use oxide_types::object::{JsObject, PropAttributes, PropMetaEntry};
 use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
 
-use crate::builtins::object::walk_own_keys;
-use crate::coercion;
-use crate::vm::Vm;
-use oxide_runtime_api::NativeResult;
+use crate::object::walk_own_keys;
 
-pub fn reflect_apply(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+use oxide_runtime_api::{NativeResult, VmHost};
+
+pub fn reflect_apply<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let target = arg(vm, args, 1);
     let this_arg = arg(vm, args, 2);
     let arg_list = arg(vm, args, 3);
@@ -23,11 +22,11 @@ pub fn reflect_apply(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn reflect_construct(vm: &mut Vm, _args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn reflect_construct<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, _args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     type_error(vm, "Reflect.construct not yet supported")
 }
 
-pub fn reflect_define_property(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn reflect_define_property<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let target_val = arg(vm, args, 1);
     let Some(target_ptr) = object_ptr(target_val) else {
         return type_error(vm, "Reflect.defineProperty target is not an object");
@@ -50,8 +49,12 @@ pub fn reflect_define_property(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let get_field = own_field(vm, desc, get_si);
     let set_field = own_field(vm, desc, set_si);
     let writable_field = own_field(vm, desc, writable_si);
-    let enumerable = own_field(vm, desc, enumerable_si).map(coercion::to_boolean).unwrap_or(false);
-    let configurable = own_field(vm, desc, configurable_si).map(coercion::to_boolean).unwrap_or(false);
+    let enumerable = own_field(vm, desc, enumerable_si)
+        .map(oxide_runtime_api::to_boolean)
+        .unwrap_or(false);
+    let configurable = own_field(vm, desc, configurable_si)
+        .map(oxide_runtime_api::to_boolean)
+        .unwrap_or(false);
 
     let has_data = value_field.is_some() || writable_field.is_some();
     let has_accessor = get_field.is_some() || set_field.is_some();
@@ -69,13 +72,13 @@ pub fn reflect_define_property(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
         vm.define_accessor_property(target, key_si, get, set, PropAttributes::new(false, enumerable, configurable))
     } else {
         let value = value_field.unwrap_or(JsValue::undefined());
-        let writable = writable_field.map(coercion::to_boolean).unwrap_or(false);
+        let writable = writable_field.map(oxide_runtime_api::to_boolean).unwrap_or(false);
         vm.define_data_property(target, key_si, value, PropAttributes::new(writable, enumerable, configurable))
     };
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(result.is_ok()))
 }
 
-pub fn reflect_delete_property(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn reflect_delete_property<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let target_val = arg(vm, args, 1);
     let Some(target_ptr) = object_ptr(target_val) else {
         return type_error(vm, "Reflect.deleteProperty target is not an object");
@@ -85,7 +88,7 @@ pub fn reflect_delete_property(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(delete_own_property(vm, target, key_si)))
 }
 
-pub fn reflect_get(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn reflect_get<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let target_val = arg(vm, args, 1);
     let Some(target_ptr) = object_ptr(target_val) else {
         return type_error(vm, "Reflect.get target is not an object");
@@ -98,15 +101,15 @@ pub fn reflect_get(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn reflect_get_own_property_descriptor(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn reflect_get_own_property_descriptor<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let target_val = arg(vm, args, 1);
     let Some(_) = object_ptr(target_val) else {
         return type_error(vm, "Reflect.getOwnPropertyDescriptor target is not an object");
     };
-    crate::builtins::object::object_get_own_property_descriptor(vm, args)
+    crate::object::object_get_own_property_descriptor(vm, args)
 }
 
-pub fn reflect_get_prototype_of(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn reflect_get_prototype_of<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let target_val = arg(vm, args, 1);
     let Some(target_ptr) = object_ptr(target_val) else {
         return type_error(vm, "Reflect.getPrototypeOf target is not an object");
@@ -114,7 +117,7 @@ pub fn reflect_get_prototype_of(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(unsafe { &*target_ptr }.proto())
 }
 
-pub fn reflect_has(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn reflect_has<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let target_val = arg(vm, args, 1);
     let Some(target_ptr) = object_ptr(target_val) else {
         return type_error(vm, "Reflect.has target is not an object");
@@ -123,7 +126,7 @@ pub fn reflect_has(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(vm.resolve_property(unsafe { &*target_ptr }, key_si).is_some()))
 }
 
-pub fn reflect_is_extensible(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn reflect_is_extensible<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let target_val = arg(vm, args, 1);
     let Some(target_ptr) = object_ptr(target_val) else {
         return type_error(vm, "Reflect.isExtensible target is not an object");
@@ -131,7 +134,7 @@ pub fn reflect_is_extensible(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(unsafe { &*target_ptr }.is_extensible()))
 }
 
-pub fn reflect_own_keys(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn reflect_own_keys<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let target_val = arg(vm, args, 1);
     let Some(target_ptr) = object_ptr(target_val) else {
         return type_error(vm, "Reflect.ownKeys target is not an object");
@@ -144,7 +147,7 @@ pub fn reflect_own_keys(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(make_string_array(vm, &key_names))
 }
 
-pub fn reflect_prevent_extensions(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn reflect_prevent_extensions<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let target_val = arg(vm, args, 1);
     let Some(target_ptr) = object_ptr(target_val) else {
         return type_error(vm, "Reflect.preventExtensions target is not an object");
@@ -153,7 +156,7 @@ pub fn reflect_prevent_extensions(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(true))
 }
 
-pub fn reflect_set(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn reflect_set<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let target_val = arg(vm, args, 1);
     let Some(target_ptr) = object_ptr(target_val) else {
         return type_error(vm, "Reflect.set target is not an object");
@@ -168,7 +171,7 @@ pub fn reflect_set(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(vm.ordinary_set(target, key_si, value, receiver).is_ok()))
 }
 
-pub fn reflect_set_prototype_of(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn reflect_set_prototype_of<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let target_val = arg(vm, args, 1);
     let Some(target_ptr) = object_ptr(target_val) else {
         return type_error(vm, "Reflect.setPrototypeOf target is not an object");
@@ -180,7 +183,7 @@ pub fn reflect_set_prototype_of(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(unsafe { &mut *target_ptr }.set_proto(proto).is_ok()))
 }
 
-fn arg(vm: &Vm, args: &[u8], idx: usize) -> JsValue {
+fn arg<H: VmHost>(vm: &H, args: &[u8], idx: usize) -> JsValue {
     args.get(idx).map(|reg| vm.reg(*reg)).unwrap_or_else(JsValue::undefined)
 }
 
@@ -196,8 +199,8 @@ fn is_callable(value: JsValue) -> bool {
     object_ptr(value).is_some_and(|ptr| unsafe { &*ptr }.is_function())
 }
 
-fn type_error(vm: &mut Vm, message: &str) -> NativeResult {
-    NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, message))
+fn type_error<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, message: &str) -> NativeResult {
+    NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, message))
 }
 
 fn array_like_elements(value: JsValue) -> Option<Vec<JsValue>> {
@@ -206,14 +209,14 @@ fn array_like_elements(value: JsValue) -> Option<Vec<JsValue>> {
     Some((0..obj.prop_count() as usize).map(|idx| obj.get_prop_at(idx)).collect())
 }
 
-fn own_field(vm: &Vm, obj: &JsObject, prop_si: u32) -> Option<JsValue> {
+fn own_field<H: VmHost>(vm: &H, obj: &JsObject, prop_si: u32) -> Option<JsValue> {
     vm.kernel_core()
         .shape_forge()
         .lookup_position(obj.shape_id(), prop_si)
         .and_then(|pos| (obj.prop_vec_len() > pos as usize).then(|| obj.get_prop_at(pos)))
 }
 
-fn make_string_array(vm: &mut Vm, parts: &[String]) -> JsValue {
+fn make_string_array<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, parts: &[String]) -> JsValue {
     let proto = vm.session().builtin_world().array_proto.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject;
     let arr = vm.alloc_object(JsObject::new_array(
         EMPTY_SHAPE_ID,
@@ -229,7 +232,7 @@ fn make_string_array(vm: &mut Vm, parts: &[String]) -> JsValue {
     JsValue::from_js_object(arr)
 }
 
-fn delete_own_property(vm: &mut Vm, obj: &mut JsObject, key_si: u32) -> bool {
+fn delete_own_property<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, obj: &mut JsObject, key_si: u32) -> bool {
     let keys = walk_own_keys(vm, obj);
     let Some((_, delete_pos)) = keys.iter().find(|(si, _)| *si == key_si).copied() else {
         return true;
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/regexp.rs b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/regexp.rs
similarity index 80%
rename from crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/regexp.rs
rename to crates/oxide_builtins/src/regexp.rs
index 453b638..948b2b9 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/regexp.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/regexp.rs
@@ -2,27 +2,19 @@ use oxide_kernel::shape_forge::EMPTY_SHAPE_ID;
 use oxide_types::object::{JsObject, NativeFnPtr};
 use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
 
-use crate::coercion;
-use crate::vm::Vm;
-use oxide_runtime_api::NativeResult;
+use oxide_runtime_api::{NativeResult, VmHost};
 
-fn get_regexp_ptr(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> Result<*mut JsObject, JsValue> {
+fn get_regexp_ptr<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> Result<*mut JsObject, JsValue> {
     let this_val = vm.reg(args[0]);
     if !this_val.is_object() {
-        return Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(
-            vm,
-            "RegExp.prototype method called on non-object",
-        ));
+        return Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "RegExp.prototype method called on non-object"));
     }
     let ptr = this_val.as_js_object_ptr();
     if ptr.is_null() {
-        return Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, "null object"));
+        return Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "null object"));
     }
     if !unsafe { &*ptr }.is_regexp_obj() {
-        return Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(
-            vm,
-            "RegExp.prototype method called on non-RegExp object",
-        ));
+        return Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "RegExp.prototype method called on non-RegExp object"));
     }
     Ok(ptr)
 }
@@ -42,7 +34,7 @@ fn parse_flags(flags: &str) -> (bool, bool, bool) {
     (global, ignore_case, multi_line)
 }
 
-fn set_prop(obj: &mut JsObject, name: &str, val: JsValue, vm: &Vm) {
+fn set_prop<H: VmHost>(obj: &mut JsObject, name: &str, val: JsValue, vm: &H) {
     let si = vm.kernel_core().perm_interner().intern(name).0;
     let shape_id = vm.kernel_core().shape_forge().make_shape(obj.shape_id(), si);
     obj.set_shape_id(shape_id);
@@ -67,15 +59,15 @@ fn set_prop_at(obj: *mut JsObject, idx: usize, val: JsValue) {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn regexp_constructor(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn regexp_constructor<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let (pattern, flags) = if args.len() < 2 {
         (String::new(), String::new())
     } else if args.len() < 3 {
-        let pat = coercion::to_string(vm.reg(args[1]));
+        let pat = oxide_runtime_api::to_string(vm.reg(args[1]));
         (pat, String::new())
     } else {
-        let pat = coercion::to_string(vm.reg(args[1]));
-        let fl = coercion::to_string(vm.reg(args[2]));
+        let pat = oxide_runtime_api::to_string(vm.reg(args[1]));
+        let fl = oxide_runtime_api::to_string(vm.reg(args[2]));
         (pat, fl)
     };
 
@@ -101,7 +93,7 @@ pub fn regexp_constructor(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
             obj.set_native_fn(Some(unsafe { NativeFnPtr::from_raw(re_ptr as *const ()) }));
         }
         Err(e) => {
-            return NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_syntax_error(
+            return NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_syntax_error(
                 vm,
                 &format!("Invalid regular expression: {e}"),
             ));
@@ -123,7 +115,7 @@ pub fn regexp_constructor(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::from_js_object(obj_ptr))
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn drop_regexp_native(obj: &mut JsObject) -> u64 {
+pub fn drop_regexp_native(obj: &mut JsObject) -> u64 {
     if !obj.is_regexp_obj() {
         return 0;
     }
@@ -139,7 +131,7 @@ pub(crate) fn drop_regexp_native(obj: &mut JsObject) -> u64 {
     std::mem::size_of::<regex::Regex>() as u64
 }
 
-pub fn regexp_test(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn regexp_test<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let re_ptr = match get_regexp_ptr(vm, args) {
         Ok(ptr) => ptr,
         Err(err) => return NativeResult::Err(err),
@@ -148,15 +140,15 @@ pub fn regexp_test(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
 
     let fn_ptr = match re.native_fn() {
         None => {
-            return NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, "invalid RegExp"));
+            return NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "invalid RegExp"));
         }
         Some(p) => p,
     };
 
     // SAFETY: fn_ptr holds a Box<regex::Regex> pointer stored by regexp_constructor.
     let regex = unsafe { &*(fn_ptr.as_ptr() as *const regex::Regex) };
-    let haystack = coercion::to_string(vm.reg(if args.len() > 1 { args[1] } else { args[0] }));
-    let last_index = coercion::to_number(get_prop(re, 0)) as usize;
+    let haystack = oxide_runtime_api::to_string(vm.reg(if args.len() > 1 { args[1] } else { args[0] }));
+    let last_index = oxide_runtime_api::to_number(get_prop(re, 0)) as usize;
     let is_global = get_prop(re, 3).as_bool();
 
     if is_global {
@@ -167,7 +159,7 @@ pub fn regexp_test(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn regexp_exec(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn regexp_exec<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let re_ptr = match get_regexp_ptr(vm, args) {
         Ok(ptr) => ptr,
         Err(err) => return NativeResult::Err(err),
@@ -177,7 +169,7 @@ pub fn regexp_exec(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
         let re = unsafe { &*re_ptr };
         match re.native_fn() {
             None => {
-                return NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, "invalid RegExp"));
+                return NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "invalid RegExp"));
             }
             Some(p) => p,
         }
@@ -185,11 +177,11 @@ pub fn regexp_exec(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
 
     // SAFETY: fn_ptr holds a Box<regex::Regex> pointer stored by regexp_constructor.
     let regex = unsafe { &*(fn_ptr.as_ptr() as *const regex::Regex) };
-    let haystack = coercion::to_string(vm.reg(if args.len() > 1 { args[1] } else { args[0] }));
+    let haystack = oxide_runtime_api::to_string(vm.reg(if args.len() > 1 { args[1] } else { args[0] }));
 
     let (last_index, is_global) = {
         let re = unsafe { &*re_ptr };
-        let li = coercion::to_number(get_prop(re, 0)) as usize;
+        let li = oxide_runtime_api::to_number(get_prop(re, 0)) as usize;
         let g = get_prop(re, 3).as_bool();
         (li, g)
     };
@@ -241,7 +233,7 @@ pub fn regexp_exec(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn regexp_to_string(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn regexp_to_string<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let re_ptr = match get_regexp_ptr(vm, args) {
         Ok(ptr) => ptr,
         Err(err) => return NativeResult::Err(err),
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/set.rs b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/set.rs
similarity index 80%
rename from crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/set.rs
rename to crates/oxide_builtins/src/set.rs
index c1862a8..ce4519d 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/set.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/set.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,7 @@ use oxide_kernel::shape_forge::EMPTY_SHAPE_ID;
 use oxide_types::object::JsObject;
 use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
 
-use crate::vm::Vm;
-use oxide_runtime_api::NativeResult;
+use oxide_runtime_api::{NativeResult, VmHost};
 
 macro_rules! native_try {
     ($expr:expr) => {
@@ -68,29 +67,26 @@ type SetInner = indexmap::IndexSet<SetKey>;
 /// native builtin is executing. The `Box<IndexSet>` is allocated in `new_set_inner()`
 /// and is never freed during the Set's lifetime. Only one live `*mut` alias exists per
 /// Set object at a time because native calls are single-threaded.
-fn get_set_inner(vm: &mut Vm, this_val: JsValue) -> Result<*mut SetInner, JsValue> {
+fn get_set_inner<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, this_val: JsValue) -> Result<*mut SetInner, JsValue> {
     if !this_val.is_object() {
-        return Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, "called on non-Set object"));
+        return Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "called on non-Set object"));
     }
     let set_ptr = this_val.as_js_object_ptr();
     if set_ptr.is_null() {
-        return Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, "Set internal state invalid"));
+        return Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "Set internal state invalid"));
     }
     // SAFETY: set_ptr is a non-null, aligned pointer to a JsObject bump-allocated in the
     // current Epoch. Remains valid for the duration of this call.
     let set_obj = unsafe { &*set_ptr };
     if !set_obj.is_set() {
-        return Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(
-            vm,
-            "Set.prototype.add called on incompatible receiver",
-        ));
+        return Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "Set.prototype.add called on incompatible receiver"));
     }
     // SAFETY: native_data holds the raw pointer written by `alloc_set`.
     // The pointer is a valid, heap-allocated `Box<IndexSet<SetKey>>`.
     // Alignment: IndexSet requires at most 8-byte alignment; the global allocator satisfies this.
     let inner_ptr = set_obj.native_data() as *mut SetInner;
     if inner_ptr.is_null() {
-        return Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, "Set internal state invalid"));
+        return Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "Set internal state invalid"));
     }
     Ok(inner_ptr)
 }
@@ -99,7 +95,7 @@ fn new_set_inner() -> *mut SetInner {
     Box::into_raw(Box::new(SetInner::new()))
 }
 
-fn alloc_set(vm: &mut Vm) -> *mut JsObject {
+fn alloc_set<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H) -> *mut JsObject {
     let set_proto = vm.session().builtin_world().set_proto.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject;
     let mut obj = JsObject::new_empty(EMPTY_SHAPE_ID, JsValue::from_js_object(set_proto));
     obj.set_set(true);
@@ -108,7 +104,7 @@ fn alloc_set(vm: &mut Vm) -> *mut JsObject {
     vm.alloc_object(obj)
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn set_native_edges(obj: &JsObject) -> Vec<JsValue> {
+pub fn set_native_edges(obj: &JsObject) -> Vec<JsValue> {
     if !obj.is_set() {
         return Vec::new();
     }
@@ -116,10 +112,16 @@ pub(crate) fn set_native_edges(obj: &JsObject) -> Vec<JsValue> {
     if inner.is_null() {
         return Vec::new();
     }
-    unsafe { (*inner).iter().map(|key| key.0).filter(|value| value.is_object()).collect() }
+    unsafe {
+        (*inner)
+            .iter()
+            .map(|key| key.0)
+            .filter(|value: &JsValue| value.is_object())
+            .collect()
+    }
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn clone_set_native_with_rewrite<F>(src: &JsObject, dst: &mut JsObject, mut rewrite: F)
+pub fn clone_set_native_with_rewrite<F>(src: &JsObject, dst: &mut JsObject, mut rewrite: F)
 where
     F: FnMut(JsValue) -> JsValue,
 {
@@ -141,7 +143,7 @@ where
     dst.set_native_data(Box::into_raw(Box::new(cloned)) as *mut u8);
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn rewrite_set_native<F>(obj: &mut JsObject, mut rewrite: F)
+pub fn rewrite_set_native<F>(obj: &mut JsObject, mut rewrite: F)
 where
     F: FnMut(JsValue) -> JsValue,
 {
@@ -162,7 +164,7 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn drop_set_native(obj: &mut JsObject) -> u64 {
+pub fn drop_set_native(obj: &mut JsObject) -> u64 {
     if !obj.is_set() {
         return 0;
     }
@@ -171,7 +173,7 @@ pub(crate) fn drop_set_native(obj: &mut JsObject) -> u64 {
         return 0;
     }
     unsafe {
-        let boxed = Box::from_raw(inner);
+        let boxed: Box<SetInner> = Box::from_raw(inner);
         let bytes = std::mem::size_of::<SetInner>() + boxed.capacity() * std::mem::size_of::<SetKey>();
         drop(boxed);
         obj.set_native_data(std::ptr::null_mut());
@@ -179,12 +181,12 @@ pub(crate) fn drop_set_native(obj: &mut JsObject) -> u64 {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn set_constructor(vm: &mut Vm, _args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn set_constructor<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, _args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let set_obj = alloc_set(vm);
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::from_js_object(set_obj))
 }
 
-pub fn set_add(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn set_add<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let this_val = vm.reg(if args.is_empty() { 0 } else { args[0] });
     let inner = native_try!(get_set_inner(vm, this_val));
     let val = vm.reg(if args.len() > 1 { args[1] } else { 0 });
@@ -194,7 +196,7 @@ pub fn set_add(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(this_val)
 }
 
-pub fn set_has(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn set_has<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let this_val = vm.reg(if args.is_empty() { 0 } else { args[0] });
     let inner = native_try!(get_set_inner(vm, this_val));
     let val = vm.reg(if args.len() > 1 { args[1] } else { 0 });
@@ -202,7 +204,7 @@ pub fn set_has(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(found))
 }
 
-pub fn set_delete(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn set_delete<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let this_val = vm.reg(if args.is_empty() { 0 } else { args[0] });
     let inner = native_try!(get_set_inner(vm, this_val));
     let val = vm.reg(if args.len() > 1 { args[1] } else { 0 });
@@ -210,7 +212,7 @@ pub fn set_delete(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(removed))
 }
 
-pub fn set_clear(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn set_clear<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let this_val = vm.reg(if args.is_empty() { 0 } else { args[0] });
     let inner = native_try!(get_set_inner(vm, this_val));
     unsafe {
@@ -219,7 +221,7 @@ pub fn set_clear(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::undefined())
 }
 
-pub fn set_size(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn set_size<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let this_val = vm.reg(if args.is_empty() { 0 } else { args[0] });
     let inner = native_try!(get_set_inner(vm, this_val));
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(unsafe { (*inner).len() } as f64))
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/string.rs b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/string.rs
similarity index 79%
rename from crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/string.rs
rename to crates/oxide_builtins/src/string.rs
index 3b7782a..685a420 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/string.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/string.rs
@@ -2,19 +2,17 @@ use oxide_kernel::shape_forge::EMPTY_SHAPE_ID;
 use oxide_types::object::JsObject;
 use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
 
-use crate::coercion;
-use crate::vm::Vm;
 use memchr::memchr;
-use oxide_runtime_api::NativeResult;
+use oxide_runtime_api::{NativeResult, VmHost};
 
-fn this_string(vm: &Vm, args: &[u8]) -> String {
-    coercion::to_string(vm.reg(args[0]))
+fn this_string<H: VmHost>(vm: &H, args: &[u8]) -> String {
+    oxide_runtime_api::to_string(vm.reg(args[0]))
 }
 
-pub fn string_from_char_code(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn string_from_char_code<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let mut out = String::new();
     for &arg_reg in args.iter().skip(1) {
-        let code = coercion::to_uint32(vm.reg(arg_reg)) & 0xFFFF;
+        let code = oxide_runtime_api::to_uint32(vm.reg(arg_reg)) & 0xFFFF;
         if let Some(ch) = char::from_u32(code) {
             out.push(ch);
         } else {
@@ -24,7 +22,7 @@ pub fn string_from_char_code(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(vm.new_string(&out))
 }
 
-pub fn string_value_of(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn string_value_of<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let this_val = vm.reg(args[0]);
     if this_val.is_string() {
         return NativeResult::Ok(this_val);
@@ -38,15 +36,15 @@ pub fn string_value_of(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
             }
         }
     }
-    NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(
+    NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_type_error(
         vm,
         "String.prototype.valueOf called on non-String object",
     ))
 }
 
-pub fn string_constructor(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn string_constructor<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let s = if args.len() > 1 {
-        coercion::to_string(vm.reg(args[1]))
+        oxide_runtime_api::to_string(vm.reg(args[1]))
     } else {
         String::new()
     };
@@ -76,7 +74,7 @@ pub fn string_constructor(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(this_val)
 }
 
-pub fn string_to_string(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn string_to_string<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let this_val = vm.reg(args[0]);
     if this_val.is_string() {
         return NativeResult::Ok(this_val);
@@ -90,13 +88,13 @@ pub fn string_to_string(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
             }
         }
     }
-    NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(
+    NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_type_error(
         vm,
         "String.prototype.toString called on non-String object",
     ))
 }
 
-fn make_string_array(vm: &mut Vm, parts: &[String]) -> JsValue {
+fn make_string_array<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, parts: &[String]) -> JsValue {
     let proto = vm.session().builtin_world().array_proto.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject;
     let n = parts.len();
     let arr =
@@ -112,8 +110,8 @@ fn make_string_array(vm: &mut Vm, parts: &[String]) -> JsValue {
     JsValue::from_js_object(arr)
 }
 
-fn as_string(_vm: &Vm, val: JsValue) -> String {
-    coercion::to_string(val)
+fn as_string<H: VmHost>(_vm: &H, val: JsValue) -> String {
+    oxide_runtime_api::to_string(val)
 }
 
 fn char_len(s: &str) -> usize {
@@ -137,7 +135,7 @@ fn take_chars(s: &str, count: usize) -> String {
     s.chars().take(count).collect()
 }
 
-fn is_regexp_obj(val: JsValue, vm: &Vm) -> bool {
+fn is_regexp_obj<H: VmHost>(val: JsValue, vm: &H) -> bool {
     if !val.is_object() {
         return false;
     }
@@ -158,7 +156,7 @@ fn is_regexp_obj(val: JsValue, vm: &Vm) -> bool {
     std::ptr::eq(proto_ptr, rp)
 }
 
-pub fn string_index_of(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn string_index_of<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let s = this_string(vm, args);
     let n = char_len(&s);
     if args.len() < 2 {
@@ -166,7 +164,7 @@ pub fn string_index_of(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     }
     let search = as_string(vm, vm.reg(args[1]));
     let pos = if args.len() > 2 {
-        (coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[2])) as usize).min(n)
+        (oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[2])) as usize).min(n)
     } else {
         0
     };
@@ -189,7 +187,7 @@ pub fn string_index_of(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::int(-1))
 }
 
-pub fn string_includes(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn string_includes<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let s = this_string(vm, args);
     let n = char_len(&s);
     if args.len() < 2 {
@@ -197,7 +195,7 @@ pub fn string_includes(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     }
     let search = as_string(vm, vm.reg(args[1]));
     let pos = if args.len() > 2 {
-        (coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[2])) as usize).min(n)
+        (oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[2])) as usize).min(n)
     } else {
         0
     };
@@ -214,7 +212,7 @@ pub fn string_includes(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     }
 }
 
-pub fn string_char_at(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn string_char_at<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let s = this_string(vm, args);
     if args.len() < 2 {
         if s.is_empty() {
@@ -222,7 +220,7 @@ pub fn string_char_at(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
         }
         return NativeResult::Ok(vm.new_string(&take_chars(&s, 1)));
     }
-    let idx = coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[1])) as i32;
+    let idx = oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[1])) as i32;
     if idx < 0 || idx as usize >= char_len(&s) {
         return NativeResult::Ok(vm.new_string(""));
     }
@@ -230,7 +228,7 @@ pub fn string_char_at(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(vm.new_string(&ch))
 }
 
-pub fn string_char_code_at(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn string_char_code_at<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let s = this_string(vm, args);
     if args.len() < 2 {
         if s.is_empty() {
@@ -238,26 +236,26 @@ pub fn string_char_code_at(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
         }
         return NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::int(s.chars().next().unwrap() as i32));
     }
-    let idx = coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[1])) as i32;
+    let idx = oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[1])) as i32;
     if idx < 0 || idx as usize >= char_len(&s) {
         return NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::float(f64::NAN));
     }
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::int(s.chars().nth(idx as usize).unwrap() as i32))
 }
 
-pub fn string_concat(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn string_concat<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let mut result = this_string(vm, args);
     for &arg_reg in args.iter().skip(1) {
-        result.push_str(&coercion::to_string(vm.reg(arg_reg)));
+        result.push_str(&oxide_runtime_api::to_string(vm.reg(arg_reg)));
     }
     NativeResult::Ok(vm.new_string(&result))
 }
 
-pub fn string_slice(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn string_slice<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let s = this_string(vm, args);
     let n = char_len(&s) as i32;
     let start = if args.len() > 1 {
-        let v = coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[1])) as i32;
+        let v = oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[1])) as i32;
         if v < 0 {
             (n + v).max(0)
         } else {
@@ -267,7 +265,7 @@ pub fn string_slice(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
         0
     };
     let end = if args.len() > 2 {
-        let v = coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[2])) as i32;
+        let v = oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[2])) as i32;
         if v < 0 {
             (n + v).max(0)
         } else {
@@ -282,16 +280,16 @@ pub fn string_slice(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(vm.new_string(result))
 }
 
-pub fn string_substring(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn string_substring<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let s = this_string(vm, args);
     let n = char_len(&s) as i32;
     let mut start = if args.len() > 1 {
-        (coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[1])) as i32).max(0).min(n)
+        (oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[1])) as i32).max(0).min(n)
     } else {
         0
     };
     let mut end = if args.len() > 2 {
-        (coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[2])) as i32).max(0).min(n)
+        (oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[2])) as i32).max(0).min(n)
     } else {
         n
     };
@@ -302,41 +300,41 @@ pub fn string_substring(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(vm.new_string(result))
 }
 
-pub fn string_to_upper_case(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn string_to_upper_case<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let s = this_string(vm, args);
     NativeResult::Ok(vm.new_string(&s.to_uppercase()))
 }
 
-pub fn string_to_lower_case(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn string_to_lower_case<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let s = this_string(vm, args);
     NativeResult::Ok(vm.new_string(&s.to_lowercase()))
 }
 
-pub fn string_trim(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn string_trim<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let s = this_string(vm, args);
     NativeResult::Ok(vm.new_string(s.trim()))
 }
 
-pub fn string_repeat(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn string_repeat<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let s = this_string(vm, args);
     let n = if args.len() > 1 {
-        (coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[1])) as usize).min(10000)
+        (oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[1])) as usize).min(10000)
     } else {
         1
     };
     NativeResult::Ok(vm.new_string(&s.repeat(n)))
 }
 
-pub fn string_pad_start(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn string_pad_start<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let s = this_string(vm, args);
     let s_len = char_len(&s);
     let target = if args.len() > 1 {
-        coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[1])) as usize
+        oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[1])) as usize
     } else {
         s_len
     };
     if target > 10000 {
-        return NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_range_error(vm, "Invalid string length"));
+        return NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_range_error(vm, "Invalid string length"));
     }
     let pad = if args.len() > 2 { as_string(vm, vm.reg(args[2])) } else { " ".to_string() };
     if s_len >= target || pad.is_empty() {
@@ -350,16 +348,16 @@ pub fn string_pad_start(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(vm.new_string(&out))
 }
 
-pub fn string_pad_end(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn string_pad_end<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let s = this_string(vm, args);
     let s_len = char_len(&s);
     let target = if args.len() > 1 {
-        coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[1])) as usize
+        oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[1])) as usize
     } else {
         s_len
     };
     if target > 10000 {
-        return NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_range_error(vm, "Invalid string length"));
+        return NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_range_error(vm, "Invalid string length"));
     }
     let pad = if args.len() > 2 { as_string(vm, vm.reg(args[2])) } else { " ".to_string() };
     if s_len >= target || pad.is_empty() {
@@ -373,7 +371,7 @@ pub fn string_pad_end(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(vm.new_string(&out))
 }
 
-pub fn string_starts_with(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn string_starts_with<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let s = this_string(vm, args);
     let n = char_len(&s);
     if args.len() < 2 {
@@ -381,14 +379,14 @@ pub fn string_starts_with(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     }
     let search = as_string(vm, vm.reg(args[1]));
     let pos = if args.len() > 2 {
-        (coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[2])) as usize).min(n)
+        (oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[2])) as usize).min(n)
     } else {
         0
     };
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(s[byte_index_at_char(&s, pos)..].starts_with(&search)))
 }
 
-pub fn string_ends_with(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn string_ends_with<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let s = this_string(vm, args);
     let n = char_len(&s);
     if args.len() < 2 {
@@ -396,14 +394,14 @@ pub fn string_ends_with(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     }
     let search = as_string(vm, vm.reg(args[1]));
     let end_pos = if args.len() > 2 {
-        (coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[2])) as usize).min(n)
+        (oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[2])) as usize).min(n)
     } else {
         n
     };
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::bool(s[..byte_index_at_char(&s, end_pos)].ends_with(&search)))
 }
 
-pub fn string_split(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn string_split<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let s = this_string(vm, args);
     if args.len() < 2 {
         let parts = vec![s.clone()];
@@ -411,7 +409,7 @@ pub fn string_split(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     }
     let sep_val = vm.reg(args[1]);
     let limit = if args.len() > 2 {
-        coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[2])) as usize
+        oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[2])) as usize
     } else {
         usize::MAX
     };
@@ -442,7 +440,7 @@ pub fn string_split(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(make_string_array(vm, &parts))
 }
 
-pub fn string_replace(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn string_replace<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let s = this_string(vm, args);
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return NativeResult::Ok(vm.new_string(&s));
@@ -468,7 +466,7 @@ pub fn string_replace(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(vm.new_string(&result))
 }
 
-pub fn string_match_fn(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn string_match_fn<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let s = this_string(vm, args);
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::undefined());
@@ -495,7 +493,7 @@ pub fn string_match_fn(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::undefined())
 }
 
-pub fn string_search(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn string_search<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let s = this_string(vm, args);
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::int(-1));
@@ -524,19 +522,23 @@ pub fn string_search(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::int(-1))
 }
 
-pub fn string_trim_start(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn string_trim_start<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let s = this_string(vm, args);
     NativeResult::Ok(vm.new_string(s.trim_start()))
 }
 
-pub fn string_trim_end(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn string_trim_end<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let s = this_string(vm, args);
     NativeResult::Ok(vm.new_string(s.trim_end()))
 }
 
-pub fn string_code_point_at(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn string_code_point_at<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let s = this_string(vm, args);
-    let pos = if args.len() > 1 { coercion::to_number(vm.reg(args[1])) as usize } else { 0 };
+    let pos = if args.len() > 1 {
+        oxide_runtime_api::to_number(vm.reg(args[1])) as usize
+    } else {
+        0
+    };
     let chars: Vec<char> = s.chars().collect();
     if pos >= chars.len() {
         return NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::undefined());
@@ -552,7 +554,7 @@ pub fn string_code_point_at(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::int(c as i32))
 }
 
-pub fn string_normalize(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn string_normalize<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     use unicode_normalization::UnicodeNormalization;
     let s = this_string(vm, args);
     let form = if args.len() > 1 { as_string(vm, vm.reg(args[1])) } else { "NFC".to_string() };
@@ -565,7 +567,7 @@ pub fn string_normalize(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(vm.new_string(&result))
 }
 
-pub fn string_match_all(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn string_match_all<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let s = this_string(vm, args);
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return NativeResult::Err(JsValue::undefined());
@@ -586,7 +588,7 @@ pub fn string_match_all(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::undefined())
 }
 
-pub fn string_replace_all(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn string_replace_all<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let s = this_string(vm, args);
     if args.len() < 2 {
         return NativeResult::Ok(vm.new_string(&s));
diff --git a/crates/oxide_builtins/src/stubs.rs b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/stubs.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ccc267d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/stubs.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+use oxide_runtime_api::{NativeResult, VmHost};
+
+fn stub_error<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, name: &str) -> NativeResult {
+    NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, &format!("{name} is not implemented")))
+}
+
+// Architecturally deferred — these features are excluded from the supported language subset by design.
+pub fn proxy_stub<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, _args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+    stub_error(vm, "Proxy")
+}
+pub fn bigint_stub<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, _args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+    stub_error(vm, "BigInt")
+}
+pub fn weakmap_stub<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, _args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+    stub_error(vm, "WeakMap")
+}
+pub fn weakset_stub<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, _args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+    stub_error(vm, "WeakSet")
+}
+pub fn weakref_stub<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, _args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+    stub_error(vm, "WeakRef")
+}
+pub fn finalization_registry_stub<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, _args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+    stub_error(vm, "FinalizationRegistry")
+}
+pub fn shared_array_buffer_stub<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, _args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+    stub_error(vm, "SharedArrayBuffer")
+}
+pub fn atomics_stub<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, _args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+    stub_error(vm, "Atomics")
+}
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/symbol.rs b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/symbol.rs
similarity index 55%
rename from crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/symbol.rs
rename to crates/oxide_builtins/src/symbol.rs
index 49c6b15..7501423 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/symbol.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/symbol.rs
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 use oxide_types::object::JsObject;
 use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
 
-use crate::coercion;
-use crate::vm::Vm;
-use oxide_runtime_api::NativeResult;
+use oxide_runtime_api::{NativeResult, VmHost};
 
-pub fn symbol_constructor(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn symbol_constructor<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let this_val = vm.reg(if args.is_empty() { 0 } else { args[0] });
     if this_val.is_object() {
         let ptr = this_val.as_js_object_ptr();
@@ -17,10 +15,7 @@ pub fn symbol_constructor(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
                 if !proto_ptr.is_null() {
                     let sp = vm.session().builtin_world().symbol_proto.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject;
                     if std::ptr::eq(proto_ptr, sp) {
-                        return NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(
-                            vm,
-                            "Symbol is not a constructor",
-                        ));
+                        return NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "Symbol is not a constructor"));
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -28,54 +23,51 @@ pub fn symbol_constructor(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     }
 
     let description = if args.len() > 1 {
-        coercion::to_string(vm.reg(args[1]))
+        oxide_runtime_api::to_string(vm.reg(args[1]))
     } else {
         String::new()
     };
 
-    let idx = vm.symbols.intern(description);
+    let idx = vm.symbol_intern(description);
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::symbol(idx))
 }
 
-pub fn symbol_to_string(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn symbol_to_string<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let this_val = vm.reg(args[0]);
     if !this_val.is_symbol() {
-        return NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(
-            vm,
-            "Symbol.prototype.toString requires a Symbol",
-        ));
+        return NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "Symbol.prototype.toString requires a Symbol"));
     }
 
     let idx = this_val.as_symbol_index();
-    let desc = vm.symbols.description(idx).unwrap_or("").to_string();
+    let desc = vm.symbol_description(idx).unwrap_or("").to_string();
     let result = format!("Symbol({})", desc);
     NativeResult::Ok(vm.new_string(&result))
 }
 
-pub fn symbol_for(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn symbol_for<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let key = if args.len() > 1 {
-        coercion::to_string(vm.reg(args[1]))
+        oxide_runtime_api::to_string(vm.reg(args[1]))
     } else {
         "undefined".to_string()
     };
 
-    if let Some(idx) = vm.symbols.lookup_global(&key) {
+    if let Some(idx) = vm.symbol_lookup_global(&key) {
         return NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::symbol(idx));
     }
 
-    let idx = vm.symbols.intern(key.clone());
-    vm.symbols.register_global(key, idx);
+    let idx = vm.symbol_intern(key.clone());
+    vm.symbol_register_global(key, idx);
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::symbol(idx))
 }
 
-pub fn symbol_key_for(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn symbol_key_for<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let sym = if args.len() > 1 { vm.reg(args[1]) } else { JsValue::undefined() };
     if !sym.is_symbol() {
-        return NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, "is not a symbol"));
+        return NativeResult::Err(crate::error::create_type_error(vm, "is not a symbol"));
     }
 
     let idx = sym.as_symbol_index();
-    match vm.symbols.key_for_id(idx) {
+    match vm.symbol_key_for_id(idx) {
         Some(key) => NativeResult::Ok(vm.new_string(&key)),
         None => NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::undefined()),
     }
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/typed_array.rs b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/typed_array.rs
similarity index 88%
rename from crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/typed_array.rs
rename to crates/oxide_builtins/src/typed_array.rs
index 26d8779..bfc80da 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/typed_array.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_builtins/src/typed_array.rs
@@ -2,10 +2,9 @@ use oxide_kernel::shape_forge::EMPTY_SHAPE_ID;
 use oxide_types::object::{JsObject, NativeFnPtr, PropAttributes, TypedArrayKind};
 use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
 
-use crate::builtins::array_buffer::{array_buffer_data_ptr, new_array_buffer, MAX_ARRAY_BUFFER_LENGTH};
-use crate::coercion;
-use crate::vm::Vm;
-use oxide_runtime_api::NativeResult;
+use crate::array_buffer::{array_buffer_data_ptr, new_array_buffer, MAX_ARRAY_BUFFER_LENGTH};
+
+use oxide_runtime_api::{NativeResult, VmHost};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy)]
 pub(crate) struct TypedArrayData {
@@ -24,16 +23,16 @@ macro_rules! native_try {
     };
 }
 
-fn type_error(vm: &mut Vm, msg: &str) -> JsValue {
-    crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, msg)
+fn type_error<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, msg: &str) -> JsValue {
+    crate::error::create_type_error(vm, msg)
 }
 
-fn range_error(vm: &mut Vm, msg: &str) -> JsValue {
-    crate::builtins::error::create_range_error(vm, msg)
+fn range_error<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, msg: &str) -> JsValue {
+    crate::error::create_range_error(vm, msg)
 }
 
-fn to_index(vm: &mut Vm, value: JsValue, msg: &str) -> Result<usize, JsValue> {
-    let n = coercion::to_number(value);
+fn to_index<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, value: JsValue, msg: &str) -> Result<usize, JsValue> {
+    let n = oxide_runtime_api::to_number(value);
     if n.is_nan() {
         return Ok(0);
     }
@@ -43,8 +42,8 @@ fn to_index(vm: &mut Vm, value: JsValue, msg: &str) -> Result<usize, JsValue> {
     Ok(n.trunc() as usize)
 }
 
-fn normalize_index(_vm: &mut Vm, value: JsValue, len: usize) -> usize {
-    let n = coercion::to_number(value);
+fn normalize_index<H: VmHost>(_vm: &mut H, value: JsValue, len: usize) -> usize {
+    let n = oxide_runtime_api::to_number(value);
     if n.is_nan() {
         return 0;
     }
@@ -56,12 +55,12 @@ fn normalize_index(_vm: &mut Vm, value: JsValue, len: usize) -> usize {
     }
 }
 
-fn set_named_prop(vm: &mut Vm, obj: &mut JsObject, name: &str, value: JsValue, attributes: PropAttributes) {
+fn set_named_prop<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, obj: &mut JsObject, name: &str, value: JsValue, attributes: PropAttributes) {
     let si = vm.kernel_core().perm_interner().intern(name).0;
     let _ = vm.define_data_property(obj, si, value, attributes);
 }
 
-fn typed_array_proto_ptr(vm: &mut Vm, kind: TypedArrayKind) -> *mut JsObject {
+fn typed_array_proto_ptr<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, kind: TypedArrayKind) -> *mut JsObject {
     let world = vm.session().builtin_world();
     match kind {
         TypedArrayKind::Int8 => world.int8array_proto.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject,
@@ -78,8 +77,8 @@ fn typed_array_proto_ptr(vm: &mut Vm, kind: TypedArrayKind) -> *mut JsObject {
     }
 }
 
-fn create_typed_array(
-    vm: &mut Vm, kind: TypedArrayKind, buffer: JsValue, byte_offset: usize, length: usize,
+fn create_typed_array<H: VmHost>(
+    vm: &mut H, kind: TypedArrayKind, buffer: JsValue, byte_offset: usize, length: usize,
 ) -> *mut JsObject {
     let proto = typed_array_proto_ptr(vm, kind);
     let mut obj = JsObject::new_empty(EMPTY_SHAPE_ID, JsValue::from_js_object(proto));
@@ -127,7 +126,7 @@ fn typed_array_data_ptr(obj: &JsObject) -> Option<*mut TypedArrayData> {
     obj.native_fn().map(|ptr| ptr.as_ptr() as *mut TypedArrayData)
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn typed_array_native_edges(obj: &JsObject) -> Vec<JsValue> {
+pub fn typed_array_native_edges(obj: &JsObject) -> Vec<JsValue> {
     let Some(ptr) = typed_array_data_ptr(obj) else {
         return Vec::new();
     };
@@ -142,7 +141,7 @@ pub(crate) fn typed_array_native_edges(obj: &JsObject) -> Vec<JsValue> {
     }
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn clone_typed_array_native_with_rewrite<F>(old_obj: &JsObject, new_obj: &mut JsObject, mut rewrite: F)
+pub fn clone_typed_array_native_with_rewrite<F>(old_obj: &JsObject, new_obj: &mut JsObject, mut rewrite: F)
 where
     F: FnMut(JsValue) -> JsValue,
 {
@@ -158,7 +157,7 @@ where
     new_obj.set_native_fn(Some(unsafe { NativeFnPtr::from_raw(cloned as *const ()) }));
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn rewrite_typed_array_native<F>(obj: &mut JsObject, mut rewrite: F)
+pub fn rewrite_typed_array_native<F>(obj: &mut JsObject, mut rewrite: F)
 where
     F: FnMut(JsValue) -> JsValue,
 {
@@ -173,7 +172,7 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn drop_typed_array_native(obj: &mut JsObject) -> u64 {
+pub fn drop_typed_array_native(obj: &mut JsObject) -> u64 {
     let Some(ptr) = typed_array_data_ptr(obj) else {
         return 0;
     };
@@ -185,7 +184,7 @@ pub(crate) fn drop_typed_array_native(obj: &mut JsObject) -> u64 {
     std::mem::size_of::<TypedArrayData>() as u64
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn get_typed_array_data(vm: &mut Vm, this_val: JsValue) -> Result<TypedArrayData, JsValue> {
+pub(crate) fn get_typed_array_data<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, this_val: JsValue) -> Result<TypedArrayData, JsValue> {
     if !this_val.is_object() {
         return Err(type_error(vm, "TypedArray method called on incompatible receiver"));
     }
@@ -236,8 +235,8 @@ fn read_element(kind: TypedArrayKind, bytes: &[u8], offset: usize) -> JsValue {
     }
 }
 
-fn numeric_value(_vm: &mut Vm, value: JsValue) -> f64 {
-    coercion::to_number(value)
+fn numeric_value<H: VmHost>(_vm: &mut H, value: JsValue) -> f64 {
+    oxide_runtime_api::to_number(value)
 }
 
 fn write_element(kind: TypedArrayKind, bytes: &mut [u8], offset: usize, value: f64) {
@@ -256,7 +255,7 @@ fn write_element(kind: TypedArrayKind, bytes: &mut [u8], offset: usize, value: f
     }
 }
 
-fn collect_array_like(vm: &mut Vm, value: JsValue) -> Result<Vec<JsValue>, JsValue> {
+fn collect_array_like<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, value: JsValue) -> Result<Vec<JsValue>, JsValue> {
     if !value.is_object() {
         return Err(type_error(vm, "TypedArray source must be array-like"));
     }
@@ -280,7 +279,7 @@ fn collect_array_like(vm: &mut Vm, value: JsValue) -> Result<Vec<JsValue>, JsVal
     Err(type_error(vm, "TypedArray source must be Array, ArrayBuffer, or TypedArray"))
 }
 
-fn typed_array_new(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8], kind: TypedArrayKind) -> NativeResult {
+fn typed_array_new<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8], kind: TypedArrayKind) -> NativeResult {
     let first = if args.len() > 1 { vm.reg(args[1]) } else { JsValue::int(0) };
     let bpe = kind.bytes_per_element();
 
@@ -342,7 +341,7 @@ fn typed_array_new(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8], kind: TypedArrayKind) -> NativeResu
 
 macro_rules! typed_array_ctor {
     ($name:ident, $kind:ident) => {
-        pub fn $name(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+        pub fn $name<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
             typed_array_new(vm, args, TypedArrayKind::$kind)
         }
     };
@@ -360,7 +359,7 @@ typed_array_ctor!(float64array_constructor, Float64);
 typed_array_ctor!(bigint64array_constructor, BigInt64);
 typed_array_ctor!(biguint64array_constructor, BigUint64);
 
-pub fn typed_array_at(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn typed_array_at<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let this_val = vm.reg(if args.is_empty() { 0 } else { args[0] });
     let view = native_try!(get_typed_array_data(vm, this_val));
     let raw_index = if args.len() > 1 {
@@ -377,7 +376,7 @@ pub fn typed_array_at(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(read_element(view.kind, buffer, absolute_byte_offset(view, idx as usize)))
 }
 
-pub fn typed_array_fill(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn typed_array_fill<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let this_val = vm.reg(if args.is_empty() { 0 } else { args[0] });
     let view = native_try!(get_typed_array_data(vm, this_val));
     let value = if args.len() > 1 { vm.reg(args[1]) } else { JsValue::undefined() };
@@ -400,7 +399,7 @@ pub fn typed_array_fill(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(this_val)
 }
 
-pub fn typed_array_slice(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn typed_array_slice<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let this_val = vm.reg(if args.is_empty() { 0 } else { args[0] });
     let view = native_try!(get_typed_array_data(vm, this_val));
     let start = if args.len() > 1 {
@@ -425,7 +424,7 @@ pub fn typed_array_slice(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::from_js_object(create_typed_array(vm, view.kind, buffer, 0, count)))
 }
 
-pub fn typed_array_subarray(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn typed_array_subarray<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let this_val = vm.reg(if args.is_empty() { 0 } else { args[0] });
     let view = native_try!(get_typed_array_data(vm, this_val));
     let start = if args.len() > 1 {
@@ -449,7 +448,7 @@ pub fn typed_array_subarray(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     )))
 }
 
-pub fn typed_array_set(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn typed_array_set<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let this_val = vm.reg(if args.is_empty() { 0 } else { args[0] });
     let view = native_try!(get_typed_array_data(vm, this_val));
     if args.len() < 2 {
@@ -474,7 +473,7 @@ pub fn typed_array_set(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     NativeResult::Ok(JsValue::undefined())
 }
 
-pub fn typed_array_to_string(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
+pub fn typed_array_to_string<H: VmHost>(vm: &mut H, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
     let this_val = vm.reg(if args.is_empty() { 0 } else { args[0] });
     native_try!(get_typed_array_data(vm, this_val));
     NativeResult::Ok(vm.new_string("[object TypedArray]"))
diff --git a/crates/oxide_runtime_api/Cargo.toml b/crates/oxide_runtime_api/Cargo.toml
index 8d10ca3..cd1ce93 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_runtime_api/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/oxide_runtime_api/Cargo.toml
@@ -9,3 +9,4 @@ description = "OxideJS - VmHost trait: the abstract Vm interface builtins are wr
 [dependencies]
 oxide_types = { path = "../oxide_types" }
 oxide_kernel = { path = "../oxide_kernel" }
+ryu.workspace = true
diff --git a/crates/oxide_runtime_api/src/lib.rs b/crates/oxide_runtime_api/src/lib.rs
index 26fe834..1f26cdc 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_runtime_api/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_runtime_api/src/lib.rs
@@ -14,8 +14,9 @@
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use oxide_kernel::kernel::{KernelCore, KernelSession};
-use oxide_types::mem::Epoch;
+use oxide_types::mem::{Epoch, P};
 use oxide_types::object::{JsObject, PropAttributes};
+use oxide_types::shape::EMPTY_SHAPE_ID;
 use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
 
 /// Return value of every builtin native function.
@@ -105,4 +106,345 @@ pub trait VmHost {
     fn checked_object_ptr(&mut self, val: JsValue, error_msg: &str) -> Result<Option<*mut JsObject>, String>;
     fn raise_type_error(&mut self, msg: &str) -> Result<(), String>;
     fn error_message_text(&self, kind: &str, msg: &str) -> String;
+    fn call_stack_function_names(&self) -> Vec<String>;
+    fn promote_if_needed_for_write_ptr(&mut self, target_ptr: *mut JsObject, value: JsValue) -> JsValue;
+    fn step_rng(&mut self);
+    fn math_rng_value(&self) -> f64;
+    fn sub_module_function_name(&self, sub_idx: u16) -> String;
+    fn symbol_intern(&mut self, desc: String) -> u32;
+    fn symbol_description(&self, idx: u32) -> Option<&str>;
+    fn symbol_lookup_global(&self, key: &str) -> Option<u32>;
+    fn symbol_register_global(&mut self, key: String, idx: u32);
+    fn symbol_key_for_id(&self, idx: u32) -> Option<String>;
+}
+
+pub fn format_error_message(kind: &str, msg: &str) -> String {
+    if msg.is_empty() || msg == kind || msg.starts_with(&format!("{kind}:")) {
+        msg.to_string()
+    } else {
+        format!("{kind}: {msg}")
+    }
+}
+
+/// Borrow a string value's content.
+///
+/// # Safety
+/// `val` must be a string `JsValue` whose `JsString` pointer is alive.
+#[inline]
+pub unsafe fn string_data(val: JsValue) -> &'static str {
+    (*val.as_string_ptr()).as_str()
+}
+
+#[inline]
+pub fn string_value_eq(a: JsValue, b: JsValue) -> bool {
+    if a.as_string_ptr() == b.as_string_ptr() {
+        return true;
+    }
+    let sa = unsafe { &*a.as_string_ptr() };
+    let sb = unsafe { &*b.as_string_ptr() };
+    sa.hash == sb.hash && sa.data == sb.data
+}
+
+pub fn to_number(val: JsValue) -> f64 {
+    if val.is_int() {
+        return val.as_int() as f64;
+    }
+    if val.is_double() {
+        return val.as_double();
+    }
+    if val.is_bool() {
+        return if val.as_bool() { 1.0 } else { 0.0 };
+    }
+    if val.is_null() {
+        return 0.0;
+    }
+    if val.is_undefined() {
+        return f64::NAN;
+    }
+    if val.is_string() {
+        let s = unsafe { string_data(val) };
+        return s.parse::<f64>().unwrap_or(f64::NAN);
+    }
+    if val.is_object() {
+        return f64::NAN;
+    }
+    f64::NAN
+}
+
+pub fn to_uint32(val: JsValue) -> u32 {
+    let n = to_number(val);
+    if n == 0.0 || !n.is_finite() {
+        return 0;
+    }
+    n.trunc().rem_euclid(4_294_967_296.0) as u32
+}
+
+pub fn to_int32(val: JsValue) -> i32 {
+    let int = to_uint32(val);
+    if int > i32::MAX as u32 {
+        (int as i64 - 4_294_967_296i64) as i32
+    } else {
+        int as i32
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn to_string(val: JsValue) -> String {
+    if val.is_int() {
+        return val.as_int().to_string();
+    }
+    if val.is_double() {
+        let d = val.as_double();
+        if d.is_nan() {
+            return "NaN".to_string();
+        }
+        if d.is_infinite() {
+            return if d.is_sign_positive() {
+                "Infinity".to_string()
+            } else {
+                "-Infinity".to_string()
+            };
+        }
+        if d.is_finite() && d.fract() == 0.0 {
+            return (d as i64).to_string();
+        }
+        let mut buf = ryu::Buffer::new();
+        return buf.format(d).to_string();
+    }
+    if val.is_bool() {
+        return val.as_bool().to_string();
+    }
+    if val.is_null() {
+        return "null".to_string();
+    }
+    if val.is_undefined() {
+        return "undefined".to_string();
+    }
+    if val.is_string() {
+        return unsafe { string_data(val) }.to_string();
+    }
+    if val.is_object() {
+        return "[object]".to_string();
+    }
+    String::new()
+}
+
+pub fn to_boolean(val: JsValue) -> bool {
+    if val.is_undefined() || val.is_null() {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if val.is_bool() {
+        return val.as_bool();
+    }
+    if val.is_int() {
+        return val.as_int() != 0;
+    }
+    if val.is_double() {
+        let d = val.as_double();
+        return !(d == 0.0 || d == -0.0 || d.is_nan());
+    }
+    if val.is_string() {
+        return !unsafe { (*val.as_string_ptr()).is_empty() };
+    }
+    if val.is_object() {
+        return true;
+    }
+    if val.is_symbol() {
+        return true;
+    }
+    false
+}
+
+pub fn abstract_eq(lhs: JsValue, rhs: JsValue) -> bool {
+    if lhs.is_null() && rhs.is_undefined() {
+        return true;
+    }
+    if lhs.is_undefined() && rhs.is_null() {
+        return true;
+    }
+    if lhs.is_string() && rhs.is_string() {
+        return string_value_eq(lhs, rhs);
+    }
+    if lhs.is_int() && rhs.is_int() {
+        return lhs.as_int() == rhs.as_int();
+    }
+    if lhs.is_double() && rhs.is_double() {
+        return strict_double_eq(lhs.as_double(), rhs.as_double());
+    }
+    if lhs.is_bool() && rhs.is_bool() {
+        return lhs.as_bool() == rhs.as_bool();
+    }
+    if lhs.is_null() && rhs.is_null() {
+        return true;
+    }
+    if lhs.is_undefined() && rhs.is_undefined() {
+        return true;
+    }
+    if (lhs.is_int() || lhs.is_double()) && (rhs.is_int() || rhs.is_double()) {
+        return strict_double_eq(to_number(lhs), to_number(rhs));
+    }
+    if (lhs.is_int() || lhs.is_double()) && rhs.is_bool() {
+        return to_number(lhs) == to_number(rhs);
+    }
+    if lhs.is_bool() && (rhs.is_int() || rhs.is_double()) {
+        return to_number(lhs) == to_number(rhs);
+    }
+    if lhs.is_bool() || rhs.is_bool() {
+        return to_number(lhs) == to_number(rhs);
+    }
+    if lhs.is_null() || rhs.is_null() {
+        return false;
+    }
+    if lhs.is_object() || rhs.is_object() {
+        return lhs.is_object() && rhs.is_object() && lhs.as_ptr() == rhs.as_ptr();
+    }
+    false
+}
+
+pub fn strict_eq(lhs: JsValue, rhs: JsValue) -> bool {
+    if lhs.is_int() && rhs.is_int() {
+        return lhs.as_int() == rhs.as_int();
+    }
+    if lhs.is_double() && rhs.is_double() {
+        return strict_double_eq(lhs.as_double(), rhs.as_double());
+    }
+    if lhs.is_bool() && rhs.is_bool() {
+        return lhs.as_bool() == rhs.as_bool();
+    }
+    if lhs.is_null() && rhs.is_null() {
+        return true;
+    }
+    if lhs.is_undefined() && rhs.is_undefined() {
+        return true;
+    }
+    if lhs.is_string() && rhs.is_string() {
+        return string_value_eq(lhs, rhs);
+    }
+    if lhs.is_object() && rhs.is_object() {
+        return lhs.as_ptr() == rhs.as_ptr();
+    }
+    if lhs.is_symbol() && rhs.is_symbol() {
+        return lhs.as_symbol_index() == rhs.as_symbol_index();
+    }
+    false
+}
+
+fn strict_double_eq(a: f64, b: f64) -> bool {
+    if a.is_nan() || b.is_nan() {
+        return false;
+    }
+    a == b
+}
+
+pub fn relational_compare(lhs: JsValue, rhs: JsValue) -> Option<bool> {
+    if lhs.is_string() && rhs.is_string() {
+        let ls = unsafe { string_data(lhs) };
+        let rs = unsafe { string_data(rhs) };
+        return Some(ls < rs);
+    }
+    let l = to_number(lhs);
+    let r = to_number(rhs);
+    if l.is_nan() || r.is_nan() {
+        return None;
+    }
+    l.partial_cmp(&r).map(|o| o.is_lt())
+}
+
+pub fn string_concat(lhs: &str, rhs: &str) -> String {
+    let mut s = String::with_capacity(lhs.len() + rhs.len());
+    s.push_str(lhs);
+    s.push_str(rhs);
+    s
+}
+
+fn to_f64(val: JsValue) -> f64 {
+    if val.is_int() {
+        val.as_int() as f64
+    } else if val.is_double() {
+        val.as_double()
+    } else {
+        f64::NAN
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn same_value(lhs: JsValue, rhs: JsValue) -> bool {
+    if lhs.is_double() && rhs.is_double() {
+        let a = lhs.as_double();
+        let b = rhs.as_double();
+        if a.is_nan() && b.is_nan() {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if a == 0.0 && b == 0.0 {
+            let a_neg = a.is_sign_negative();
+            let b_neg = b.is_sign_negative();
+            return a_neg == b_neg;
+        }
+        return a == b;
+    }
+    if lhs.is_int() && rhs.is_int() {
+        return lhs.as_int() == rhs.as_int();
+    }
+    if (lhs.is_int() || lhs.is_double()) && (rhs.is_int() || rhs.is_double()) {
+        let a = to_f64(lhs);
+        let b = to_f64(rhs);
+        if a.is_nan() && b.is_nan() {
+            return true;
+        }
+        if a == 0.0 && b == 0.0 {
+            return a.is_sign_negative() == b.is_sign_negative();
+        }
+        return a == b;
+    }
+    if lhs.is_bool() && rhs.is_bool() {
+        return lhs.as_bool() == rhs.as_bool();
+    }
+    if lhs.is_null() && rhs.is_null() {
+        return true;
+    }
+    if lhs.is_undefined() && rhs.is_undefined() {
+        return true;
+    }
+    if lhs.is_string() && rhs.is_string() {
+        return string_value_eq(lhs, rhs);
+    }
+    if lhs.is_object() && rhs.is_object() {
+        return lhs.as_ptr() == rhs.as_ptr();
+    }
+    if lhs.is_symbol() && rhs.is_symbol() {
+        return lhs.as_symbol_index() == rhs.as_symbol_index();
+    }
+    false
+}
+
+pub fn strict_equality(lhs: JsValue, rhs: JsValue) -> bool {
+    if lhs.is_double() && rhs.is_double() {
+        return strict_double_eq(lhs.as_double(), rhs.as_double());
+    }
+    same_value(lhs, rhs)
+}
+
+pub fn to_object<H: VmHost>(val: JsValue, host: &mut H) -> Result<JsValue, String> {
+    if val.is_object() {
+        return Ok(val);
+    }
+    if val.is_null() || val.is_undefined() {
+        return Err(host.error_message_text("TypeError", "Cannot convert null or undefined to object"));
+    }
+    let world = host.session().builtin_world();
+    let (proto_ptr, type_tag) = if val.is_string() {
+        (P::as_ptr(&world.string_proto) as *mut JsObject, JsObject::OBJ_TYPE_STRING_OBJ)
+    } else if val.is_int() || val.is_double() {
+        (P::as_ptr(&world.number_proto) as *mut JsObject, JsObject::OBJ_TYPE_NUMBER_OBJ)
+    } else if val.is_bool() {
+        (P::as_ptr(&world.boolean_proto) as *mut JsObject, JsObject::OBJ_TYPE_BOOLEAN_OBJ)
+    } else {
+        (P::as_ptr(&world.object_proto) as *mut JsObject, JsObject::OBJ_TYPE_PLAIN)
+    };
+    let proto_val = JsValue::from_js_object(proto_ptr);
+    let obj = host.alloc_object(JsObject::new_empty(EMPTY_SHAPE_ID, proto_val));
+    let obj_val = JsValue::from_js_object(obj);
+    let obj_ref = unsafe { &mut *obj };
+    obj_ref.type_tag = type_tag;
+    obj_ref.ensure_hash_props().push(val);
+    obj_ref.set_prop_count(1);
+    Ok(obj_val)
 }
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/Cargo.toml b/crates/oxide_vm/Cargo.toml
index 700b1e4..7c86643 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/Cargo.toml
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ description = "OxideJS - Register-based VM with epoch arena memory"
 oxide_bytecode = { path = "../oxide_bytecode" }
 oxide_kernel = { path = "../oxide_kernel" }
 oxide_runtime_api = { path = "../oxide_runtime_api" }
+oxide_builtins = { path = "../oxide_builtins" }
 oxide_types = { path = "../oxide_types" }
 bumpalo.workspace = true
 fast-float.workspace = true
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_array.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_array.rs
index 403a6cb..3063e68 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_array.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_array.rs
@@ -8,36 +8,36 @@ use crate::bind_constructor;
 
 pub fn bind_array(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &mut JsObject) {
     let _array_methods = ArrayMethods {
-        is_array: crate::builtins::array::array_is_array as *const (),
-        push: crate::builtins::array::array_push as *const (),
-        pop: crate::builtins::array::array_pop as *const (),
-        slice: crate::builtins::array::array_slice as *const (),
-        splice: crate::builtins::array::array_splice as *const (),
-        concat: crate::builtins::array::array_concat as *const (),
-        join: crate::builtins::array::array_join as *const (),
-        index_of: crate::builtins::array::array_index_of as *const (),
-        includes: crate::builtins::array::array_includes as *const (),
-        reverse: crate::builtins::array::array_reverse as *const (),
-        for_each: crate::builtins::array::array_for_each as *const (),
-        map: crate::builtins::array::array_map as *const (),
-        filter: crate::builtins::array::array_filter as *const (),
-        reduce: crate::builtins::array::array_reduce as *const (),
-        find: crate::builtins::array::array_find as *const (),
-        some: crate::builtins::array::array_some as *const (),
-        every: crate::builtins::array::array_every as *const (),
-        flat: crate::builtins::array::array_flat as *const (),
-        flat_map: crate::builtins::array::array_flat_map as *const (),
-        shift: crate::builtins::array::array_shift as *const (),
-        unshift: crate::builtins::array::array_unshift as *const (),
-        fill: crate::builtins::array::array_fill as *const (),
-        copy_within: crate::builtins::array::array_copy_within as *const (),
-        at: crate::builtins::array::array_at as *const (),
-        last_index_of: crate::builtins::array::array_last_index_of as *const (),
-        find_index: crate::builtins::array::array_find_index as *const (),
-        find_last: crate::builtins::array::array_find_last as *const (),
-        reduce_right: crate::builtins::array::array_reduce_right as *const (),
-        sort: crate::builtins::array::array_sort as *const (),
-        values: crate::builtins::array::array_values as *const (),
+        is_array: oxide_builtins::array::array_is_array::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        push: oxide_builtins::array::array_push::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        pop: oxide_builtins::array::array_pop::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        slice: oxide_builtins::array::array_slice::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        splice: oxide_builtins::array::array_splice::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        concat: oxide_builtins::array::array_concat::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        join: oxide_builtins::array::array_join::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        index_of: oxide_builtins::array::array_index_of::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        includes: oxide_builtins::array::array_includes::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        reverse: oxide_builtins::array::array_reverse::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        for_each: oxide_builtins::array::array_for_each::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        map: oxide_builtins::array::array_map::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        filter: oxide_builtins::array::array_filter::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        reduce: oxide_builtins::array::array_reduce::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        find: oxide_builtins::array::array_find::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        some: oxide_builtins::array::array_some::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        every: oxide_builtins::array::array_every::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        flat: oxide_builtins::array::array_flat::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        flat_map: oxide_builtins::array::array_flat_map::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        shift: oxide_builtins::array::array_shift::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        unshift: oxide_builtins::array::array_unshift::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        fill: oxide_builtins::array::array_fill::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        copy_within: oxide_builtins::array::array_copy_within::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        at: oxide_builtins::array::array_at::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        last_index_of: oxide_builtins::array::array_last_index_of::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        find_index: oxide_builtins::array::array_find_index::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        find_last: oxide_builtins::array::array_find_last::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        reduce_right: oxide_builtins::array::array_reduce_right::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        sort: oxide_builtins::array::array_sort::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        values: oxide_builtins::array::array_values::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
     };
 
     session.builtin_world().bind_array_methods(
@@ -47,5 +47,5 @@ pub fn bind_array(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &mut
     );
 
     let ctor_ptr = session.builtin_world().array_constructor.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject;
-    bind_constructor!(core, global, "Array", ctor_ptr, crate::builtins::array::array_constructor, 1, hash: true);
+    bind_constructor!(core, global, "Array", ctor_ptr, oxide_builtins::array::array_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm>, 1, hash: true);
 }
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_array_buffer.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_array_buffer.rs
index b3cd284..eb52e47 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_array_buffer.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_array_buffer.rs
@@ -11,13 +11,21 @@ pub fn bind_array_buffer(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global
     let proto_ptr = session.builtin_world().array_buffer_proto.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject;
     let proto = unsafe { &mut *proto_ptr };
 
-    configure_native_constructor(ctor, crate::builtins::array_buffer::array_buffer_constructor as *const (), 1);
+    configure_native_constructor(
+        ctor,
+        oxide_builtins::array_buffer::array_buffer_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        1,
+    );
 
     apply_binding_table(
         session.builtin_world(),
         ctor,
         core,
-        &[("isView", crate::builtins::array_buffer::array_buffer_is_view as *const (), 1)],
+        &[(
+            "isView",
+            oxide_builtins::array_buffer::array_buffer_is_view::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+            1,
+        )],
     );
 
     apply_binding_table(
@@ -25,9 +33,17 @@ pub fn bind_array_buffer(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global
         proto,
         core,
         &[
-            ("byteLength", crate::builtins::array_buffer::array_buffer_byte_length as *const (), 0),
-            ("slice", crate::builtins::array_buffer::array_buffer_slice as *const (), 2),
-            ("toString", crate::builtins::array_buffer::array_buffer_to_string as *const (), 0),
+            (
+                "byteLength",
+                oxide_builtins::array_buffer::array_buffer_byte_length::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                0,
+            ),
+            ("slice", oxide_builtins::array_buffer::array_buffer_slice::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 2),
+            (
+                "toString",
+                oxide_builtins::array_buffer::array_buffer_to_string::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                0,
+            ),
         ],
     );
 
@@ -36,7 +52,7 @@ pub fn bind_array_buffer(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global
         global,
         "ArrayBuffer",
         ctor_ptr,
-        crate::builtins::array_buffer::array_buffer_constructor,
+        oxide_builtins::array_buffer::array_buffer_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm>,
         1,
         hash: true
     );
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_boolean.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_boolean.rs
index 5106feb..f2e0218 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_boolean.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_boolean.rs
@@ -11,17 +11,25 @@ pub fn bind_boolean(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &mu
     let proto_ptr = session.builtin_world().boolean_proto.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject;
     let proto = unsafe { &mut *proto_ptr };
 
-    configure_native_constructor(ctor, crate::builtins::boolean::boolean_constructor as *const (), 1);
+    configure_native_constructor(ctor, oxide_builtins::boolean::boolean_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1);
 
     apply_binding_table(
         session.builtin_world(),
         proto,
         core,
         &[
-            ("valueOf", crate::builtins::boolean::boolean_prototype_value_of as *const (), 0),
-            ("toString", crate::builtins::boolean::boolean_prototype_to_string as *const (), 0),
+            (
+                "valueOf",
+                oxide_builtins::boolean::boolean_prototype_value_of::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                0,
+            ),
+            (
+                "toString",
+                oxide_builtins::boolean::boolean_prototype_to_string::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                0,
+            ),
         ],
     );
 
-    bind_constructor!(core, global, "Boolean", ctor_ptr, crate::builtins::boolean::boolean_constructor, 1, hash: true);
+    bind_constructor!(core, global, "Boolean", ctor_ptr, oxide_builtins::boolean::boolean_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm>, 1, hash: true);
 }
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_data_view.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_data_view.rs
index 7661394..0710d07 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_data_view.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_data_view.rs
@@ -11,36 +11,116 @@ pub fn bind_data_view(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &
     let proto_ptr = session.builtin_world().data_view_proto.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject;
     let proto = unsafe { &mut *proto_ptr };
 
-    configure_native_constructor(ctor, crate::builtins::data_view::data_view_constructor as *const (), 3);
+    configure_native_constructor(
+        ctor,
+        oxide_builtins::data_view::data_view_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        3,
+    );
 
     apply_binding_table(
         session.builtin_world(),
         proto,
         core,
         &[
-            ("getInt8", crate::builtins::data_view::data_view_get_int8 as *const (), 1),
-            ("getUint8", crate::builtins::data_view::data_view_get_uint8 as *const (), 1),
-            ("getInt16", crate::builtins::data_view::data_view_get_int16 as *const (), 2),
-            ("getUint16", crate::builtins::data_view::data_view_get_uint16 as *const (), 2),
-            ("getInt32", crate::builtins::data_view::data_view_get_int32 as *const (), 2),
-            ("getUint32", crate::builtins::data_view::data_view_get_uint32 as *const (), 2),
-            ("getFloat32", crate::builtins::data_view::data_view_get_float32 as *const (), 2),
-            ("getFloat64", crate::builtins::data_view::data_view_get_float64 as *const (), 2),
-            ("getBigInt64", crate::builtins::data_view::data_view_get_big_int64 as *const (), 2),
-            ("getBigUint64", crate::builtins::data_view::data_view_get_big_uint64 as *const (), 2),
-            ("setInt8", crate::builtins::data_view::data_view_set_int8 as *const (), 2),
-            ("setUint8", crate::builtins::data_view::data_view_set_uint8 as *const (), 2),
-            ("setInt16", crate::builtins::data_view::data_view_set_int16 as *const (), 3),
-            ("setUint16", crate::builtins::data_view::data_view_set_uint16 as *const (), 3),
-            ("setInt32", crate::builtins::data_view::data_view_set_int32 as *const (), 3),
-            ("setUint32", crate::builtins::data_view::data_view_set_uint32 as *const (), 3),
-            ("setFloat32", crate::builtins::data_view::data_view_set_float32 as *const (), 3),
-            ("setFloat64", crate::builtins::data_view::data_view_set_float64 as *const (), 3),
-            ("setBigInt64", crate::builtins::data_view::data_view_set_big_int64 as *const (), 3),
-            ("setBigUint64", crate::builtins::data_view::data_view_set_big_uint64 as *const (), 3),
-            ("toString", crate::builtins::data_view::data_view_to_string as *const (), 0),
+            ("getInt8", oxide_builtins::data_view::data_view_get_int8::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
+            (
+                "getUint8",
+                oxide_builtins::data_view::data_view_get_uint8::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                1,
+            ),
+            (
+                "getInt16",
+                oxide_builtins::data_view::data_view_get_int16::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                2,
+            ),
+            (
+                "getUint16",
+                oxide_builtins::data_view::data_view_get_uint16::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                2,
+            ),
+            (
+                "getInt32",
+                oxide_builtins::data_view::data_view_get_int32::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                2,
+            ),
+            (
+                "getUint32",
+                oxide_builtins::data_view::data_view_get_uint32::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                2,
+            ),
+            (
+                "getFloat32",
+                oxide_builtins::data_view::data_view_get_float32::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                2,
+            ),
+            (
+                "getFloat64",
+                oxide_builtins::data_view::data_view_get_float64::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                2,
+            ),
+            (
+                "getBigInt64",
+                oxide_builtins::data_view::data_view_get_big_int64::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                2,
+            ),
+            (
+                "getBigUint64",
+                oxide_builtins::data_view::data_view_get_big_uint64::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                2,
+            ),
+            ("setInt8", oxide_builtins::data_view::data_view_set_int8::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 2),
+            (
+                "setUint8",
+                oxide_builtins::data_view::data_view_set_uint8::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                2,
+            ),
+            (
+                "setInt16",
+                oxide_builtins::data_view::data_view_set_int16::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                3,
+            ),
+            (
+                "setUint16",
+                oxide_builtins::data_view::data_view_set_uint16::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                3,
+            ),
+            (
+                "setInt32",
+                oxide_builtins::data_view::data_view_set_int32::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                3,
+            ),
+            (
+                "setUint32",
+                oxide_builtins::data_view::data_view_set_uint32::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                3,
+            ),
+            (
+                "setFloat32",
+                oxide_builtins::data_view::data_view_set_float32::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                3,
+            ),
+            (
+                "setFloat64",
+                oxide_builtins::data_view::data_view_set_float64::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                3,
+            ),
+            (
+                "setBigInt64",
+                oxide_builtins::data_view::data_view_set_big_int64::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                3,
+            ),
+            (
+                "setBigUint64",
+                oxide_builtins::data_view::data_view_set_big_uint64::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                3,
+            ),
+            (
+                "toString",
+                oxide_builtins::data_view::data_view_to_string::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                0,
+            ),
         ],
     );
 
-    bind_constructor!(core, global, "DataView", ctor_ptr, crate::builtins::data_view::data_view_constructor, 3, hash: true);
+    bind_constructor!(core, global, "DataView", ctor_ptr, oxide_builtins::data_view::data_view_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm>, 3, hash: true);
 }
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_date.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_date.rs
index e09bcbb..5b1d732 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_date.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_date.rs
@@ -11,16 +11,16 @@ pub fn bind_date(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &mut J
     let proto_ptr = session.builtin_world().date_proto.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject;
     let proto = unsafe { &mut *proto_ptr };
 
-    configure_native_constructor(ctor, crate::builtins::date::date_constructor as *const (), 7);
+    configure_native_constructor(ctor, oxide_builtins::date::date_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 7);
 
     apply_binding_table(
         session.builtin_world(),
         ctor,
         core,
         &[
-            ("now", crate::builtins::date::date_now as *const (), 0),
-            ("parse", crate::builtins::date::date_parse as *const (), 1),
-            ("UTC", crate::builtins::date::date_utc as *const (), 7),
+            ("now", oxide_builtins::date::date_now::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 0),
+            ("parse", oxide_builtins::date::date_parse::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
+            ("UTC", oxide_builtins::date::date_utc::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 7),
         ],
     );
 
@@ -29,39 +29,67 @@ pub fn bind_date(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &mut J
         proto,
         core,
         &[
-            ("getTime", crate::builtins::date::date_get_time as *const (), 0),
-            ("getFullYear", crate::builtins::date::date_get_full_year as *const (), 0),
-            ("getMonth", crate::builtins::date::date_get_month as *const (), 0),
-            ("getDate", crate::builtins::date::date_get_date as *const (), 0),
-            ("getDay", crate::builtins::date::date_get_day as *const (), 0),
-            ("getHours", crate::builtins::date::date_get_hours as *const (), 0),
-            ("getMinutes", crate::builtins::date::date_get_minutes as *const (), 0),
-            ("getSeconds", crate::builtins::date::date_get_seconds as *const (), 0),
-            ("getMilliseconds", crate::builtins::date::date_get_milliseconds as *const (), 0),
-            ("getUTCFullYear", crate::builtins::date::date_get_utc_full_year as *const (), 0),
-            ("getUTCMonth", crate::builtins::date::date_get_utc_month as *const (), 0),
-            ("getUTCDate", crate::builtins::date::date_get_utc_date as *const (), 0),
-            ("getUTCDay", crate::builtins::date::date_get_utc_day as *const (), 0),
-            ("getUTCHours", crate::builtins::date::date_get_utc_hours as *const (), 0),
-            ("getUTCMinutes", crate::builtins::date::date_get_utc_minutes as *const (), 0),
-            ("getUTCSeconds", crate::builtins::date::date_get_utc_seconds as *const (), 0),
-            ("getUTCMilliseconds", crate::builtins::date::date_get_utc_milliseconds as *const (), 0),
-            ("getTimezoneOffset", crate::builtins::date::date_get_timezone_offset as *const (), 0),
-            ("setTime", crate::builtins::date::date_set_time as *const (), 1),
-            ("setFullYear", crate::builtins::date::date_set_full_year as *const (), 3),
-            ("setMonth", crate::builtins::date::date_set_month as *const (), 2),
-            ("setDate", crate::builtins::date::date_set_date as *const (), 1),
-            ("setHours", crate::builtins::date::date_set_hours as *const (), 4),
-            ("setMinutes", crate::builtins::date::date_set_minutes as *const (), 3),
-            ("setSeconds", crate::builtins::date::date_set_seconds as *const (), 2),
-            ("setMilliseconds", crate::builtins::date::date_set_milliseconds as *const (), 1),
-            ("toISOString", crate::builtins::date::date_to_iso_string as *const (), 0),
-            ("toJSON", crate::builtins::date::date_to_json as *const (), 1),
-            ("toString", crate::builtins::date::date_to_string as *const (), 0),
-            ("toDateString", crate::builtins::date::date_to_date_string as *const (), 0),
-            ("toTimeString", crate::builtins::date::date_to_time_string as *const (), 0),
-            ("toUTCString", crate::builtins::date::date_to_utc_string as *const (), 0),
-            ("valueOf", crate::builtins::date::date_value_of as *const (), 0),
+            ("getTime", oxide_builtins::date::date_get_time::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 0),
+            ("getFullYear", oxide_builtins::date::date_get_full_year::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 0),
+            ("getMonth", oxide_builtins::date::date_get_month::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 0),
+            ("getDate", oxide_builtins::date::date_get_date::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 0),
+            ("getDay", oxide_builtins::date::date_get_day::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 0),
+            ("getHours", oxide_builtins::date::date_get_hours::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 0),
+            ("getMinutes", oxide_builtins::date::date_get_minutes::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 0),
+            ("getSeconds", oxide_builtins::date::date_get_seconds::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 0),
+            (
+                "getMilliseconds",
+                oxide_builtins::date::date_get_milliseconds::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                0,
+            ),
+            (
+                "getUTCFullYear",
+                oxide_builtins::date::date_get_utc_full_year::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                0,
+            ),
+            ("getUTCMonth", oxide_builtins::date::date_get_utc_month::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 0),
+            ("getUTCDate", oxide_builtins::date::date_get_utc_date::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 0),
+            ("getUTCDay", oxide_builtins::date::date_get_utc_day::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 0),
+            ("getUTCHours", oxide_builtins::date::date_get_utc_hours::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 0),
+            (
+                "getUTCMinutes",
+                oxide_builtins::date::date_get_utc_minutes::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                0,
+            ),
+            (
+                "getUTCSeconds",
+                oxide_builtins::date::date_get_utc_seconds::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                0,
+            ),
+            (
+                "getUTCMilliseconds",
+                oxide_builtins::date::date_get_utc_milliseconds::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                0,
+            ),
+            (
+                "getTimezoneOffset",
+                oxide_builtins::date::date_get_timezone_offset::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                0,
+            ),
+            ("setTime", oxide_builtins::date::date_set_time::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
+            ("setFullYear", oxide_builtins::date::date_set_full_year::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 3),
+            ("setMonth", oxide_builtins::date::date_set_month::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 2),
+            ("setDate", oxide_builtins::date::date_set_date::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
+            ("setHours", oxide_builtins::date::date_set_hours::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 4),
+            ("setMinutes", oxide_builtins::date::date_set_minutes::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 3),
+            ("setSeconds", oxide_builtins::date::date_set_seconds::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 2),
+            (
+                "setMilliseconds",
+                oxide_builtins::date::date_set_milliseconds::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                1,
+            ),
+            ("toISOString", oxide_builtins::date::date_to_iso_string::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 0),
+            ("toJSON", oxide_builtins::date::date_to_json::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
+            ("toString", oxide_builtins::date::date_to_string::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 0),
+            ("toDateString", oxide_builtins::date::date_to_date_string::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 0),
+            ("toTimeString", oxide_builtins::date::date_to_time_string::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 0),
+            ("toUTCString", oxide_builtins::date::date_to_utc_string::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 0),
+            ("valueOf", oxide_builtins::date::date_value_of::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 0),
         ],
     );
 
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_error.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_error.rs
index e6d1e51..d3af2fa 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_error.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_error.rs
@@ -45,15 +45,15 @@ fn bind_error_subtype_constructor(
 
 pub fn bind_error(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &mut JsObject) {
     let error_methods = ErrorMethods {
-        error: crate::builtins::error::error_constructor as *const (),
-        type_error: crate::builtins::error::type_error_constructor as *const (),
-        reference_error: crate::builtins::error::reference_error_constructor as *const (),
-        range_error: crate::builtins::error::range_error_constructor as *const (),
-        syntax_error: crate::builtins::error::syntax_error_constructor as *const (),
-        uri_error: crate::builtins::error::uri_error_constructor as *const (),
-        eval_error: crate::builtins::error::eval_error_constructor as *const (),
-        to_string: crate::builtins::error::error_to_string as *const (),
-        stack: crate::builtins::error::error_stack_getter as *const (),
+        error: oxide_builtins::error::error_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        type_error: oxide_builtins::error::type_error_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        reference_error: oxide_builtins::error::reference_error_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        range_error: oxide_builtins::error::range_error_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        syntax_error: oxide_builtins::error::syntax_error_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        uri_error: oxide_builtins::error::uri_error_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        eval_error: oxide_builtins::error::eval_error_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        to_string: oxide_builtins::error::error_to_string::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        stack: oxide_builtins::error::error_stack_getter::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
     };
     session.builtin_world().bind_error_methods(
         &error_methods,
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ pub fn bind_error(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &mut
         global,
         "TypeError",
         session.builtin_world().type_error_proto.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject,
-        crate::builtins::error::type_error_constructor as *const (),
+        oxide_builtins::error::type_error_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
     );
     bind_error_subtype_constructor(
         core,
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ pub fn bind_error(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &mut
         global,
         "ReferenceError",
         session.builtin_world().reference_error_proto.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject,
-        crate::builtins::error::reference_error_constructor as *const (),
+        oxide_builtins::error::reference_error_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
     );
     bind_error_subtype_constructor(
         core,
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ pub fn bind_error(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &mut
         global,
         "RangeError",
         session.builtin_world().range_error_proto.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject,
-        crate::builtins::error::range_error_constructor as *const (),
+        oxide_builtins::error::range_error_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
     );
     bind_error_subtype_constructor(
         core,
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ pub fn bind_error(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &mut
         global,
         "SyntaxError",
         session.builtin_world().syntax_error_proto.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject,
-        crate::builtins::error::syntax_error_constructor as *const (),
+        oxide_builtins::error::syntax_error_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
     );
     bind_error_subtype_constructor(
         core,
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ pub fn bind_error(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &mut
         global,
         "URIError",
         session.builtin_world().uri_error_proto.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject,
-        crate::builtins::error::uri_error_constructor as *const (),
+        oxide_builtins::error::uri_error_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
     );
     bind_error_subtype_constructor(
         core,
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ pub fn bind_error(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &mut
         global,
         "EvalError",
         session.builtin_world().eval_error_proto.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject,
-        crate::builtins::error::eval_error_constructor as *const (),
+        oxide_builtins::error::eval_error_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
     );
 
     {
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ pub fn bind_error(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &mut
         let err_ctor = unsafe { &mut *err_ctor_ptr };
         // SAFETY: error_constructor is a NativeFn fn-item.
         err_ctor.set_native_fn(Some(unsafe {
-            NativeFnPtr::from_raw(crate::builtins::error::error_constructor as *const ())
+            NativeFnPtr::from_raw(oxide_builtins::error::error_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const ())
         }));
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_function.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_function.rs
index 30867e3..e077774 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_function.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_function.rs
@@ -9,10 +9,10 @@ use super::bind_global_value;
 
 pub fn bind_function(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &mut JsObject) {
     let function_methods = FunctionMethods {
-        call: crate::builtins::function::function_call as *const (),
-        apply: crate::builtins::function::function_apply as *const (),
-        bind: crate::builtins::function::function_bind as *const (),
-        to_string: crate::builtins::function::function_to_string as *const (),
+        call: oxide_builtins::function::function_call::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        apply: oxide_builtins::function::function_apply::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        bind: oxide_builtins::function::function_bind::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        to_string: oxide_builtins::function::function_to_string::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
     };
     session.builtin_world().bind_function_methods(
         &function_methods,
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_global.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_global.rs
index 41850ca..2322625 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_global.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_global.rs
@@ -11,12 +11,20 @@ pub fn bind_global(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &mut
         global,
         core,
         &[
-            ("escape", crate::builtins::global::js_escape as *const (), 1),
-            ("unescape", crate::builtins::global::js_unescape as *const (), 1),
-            ("encodeURI", crate::builtins::global::encode_uri as *const (), 1),
-            ("decodeURI", crate::builtins::global::decode_uri as *const (), 1),
-            ("encodeURIComponent", crate::builtins::global::encode_uri_component as *const (), 1),
-            ("decodeURIComponent", crate::builtins::global::decode_uri_component as *const (), 1),
+            ("escape", oxide_builtins::global::js_escape::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
+            ("unescape", oxide_builtins::global::js_unescape::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
+            ("encodeURI", oxide_builtins::global::encode_uri::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
+            ("decodeURI", oxide_builtins::global::decode_uri::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
+            (
+                "encodeURIComponent",
+                oxide_builtins::global::encode_uri_component::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                1,
+            ),
+            (
+                "decodeURIComponent",
+                oxide_builtins::global::decode_uri_component::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                1,
+            ),
         ],
     );
 }
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_iterator.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_iterator.rs
index dbcd263..51d270f 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_iterator.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_iterator.rs
@@ -11,13 +11,17 @@ pub fn bind_iterator(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &m
     let function_proto = session.builtin_world().function_proto.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject;
     let mut iterator = Box::new(JsObject::new_empty(EMPTY_SHAPE_ID, JsValue::from_js_object(function_proto)));
     iterator.set_function(true);
-    configure_native_constructor(&mut iterator, crate::builtins::iterator::iterator_constructor as *const (), 0);
+    configure_native_constructor(
+        &mut iterator,
+        oxide_builtins::iterator::iterator_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        0,
+    );
 
     apply_binding_table(
         session.builtin_world(),
         &mut iterator,
         core,
-        &[("from", crate::builtins::iterator::iterator_from as *const (), 1)],
+        &[("from", oxide_builtins::iterator::iterator_from::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1)],
     );
 
     bind_global_value(core, global, "Iterator", JsValue::from_js_object(Box::into_raw(iterator)));
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_json.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_json.rs
index 7dcd285..01c4b86 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_json.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_json.rs
@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ pub fn bind_json(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &mut J
         json,
         core,
         &[
-            ("parse", crate::builtins::json::json_parse as *const (), 1),
-            ("stringify", crate::builtins::json::json_stringify as *const (), 1),
+            ("parse", oxide_builtins::json::json_parse::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
+            ("stringify", oxide_builtins::json::json_stringify::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
         ],
     );
 
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_map.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_map.rs
index a567fe2..c1bb13b 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_map.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_map.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ pub fn bind_map(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &mut Js
     let ctor = unsafe { &mut *ctor_ptr };
     let proto_ptr = session.builtin_world().map_proto.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject;
 
-    configure_native_constructor(ctor, crate::builtins::map::map_constructor as *const (), 1);
+    configure_native_constructor(ctor, oxide_builtins::map::map_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1);
     let proto = unsafe { &mut *proto_ptr };
 
     apply_binding_table(
@@ -18,14 +18,14 @@ pub fn bind_map(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &mut Js
         proto,
         core,
         &[
-            ("set", crate::builtins::map::map_set as *const (), 2),
-            ("get", crate::builtins::map::map_get as *const (), 1),
-            ("has", crate::builtins::map::map_has as *const (), 1),
-            ("delete", crate::builtins::map::map_delete as *const (), 1),
-            ("clear", crate::builtins::map::map_clear as *const (), 0),
-            ("size", crate::builtins::map::map_size as *const (), 0),
+            ("set", oxide_builtins::map::map_set::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 2),
+            ("get", oxide_builtins::map::map_get::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
+            ("has", oxide_builtins::map::map_has::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
+            ("delete", oxide_builtins::map::map_delete::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
+            ("clear", oxide_builtins::map::map_clear::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 0),
+            ("size", oxide_builtins::map::map_size::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 0),
         ],
     );
 
-    bind_constructor!(core, global, "Map", ctor_ptr, crate::builtins::map::map_constructor, 1, hash: true);
+    bind_constructor!(core, global, "Map", ctor_ptr, oxide_builtins::map::map_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm>, 1, hash: true);
 }
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_math.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_math.rs
index 6e00bcd..d82e040 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_math.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_math.rs
@@ -18,41 +18,41 @@ pub fn bind_math(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &mut J
         math,
         sf,
         sh,
-        ("abs", crate::builtins::math::math_abs, 1),
-        ("acos", crate::builtins::math::math_acos, 1),
-        ("asin", crate::builtins::math::math_asin, 1),
-        ("atan", crate::builtins::math::math_atan, 1),
-        ("atan2", crate::builtins::math::math_atan2, 2),
-        ("cbrt", crate::builtins::math::math_cbrt, 1),
-        ("ceil", crate::builtins::math::math_ceil, 1),
-        ("cos", crate::builtins::math::math_cos, 1),
-        ("cosh", crate::builtins::math::math_cosh, 1),
-        ("exp", crate::builtins::math::math_exp, 1),
-        ("floor", crate::builtins::math::math_floor, 1),
-        ("hypot", crate::builtins::math::math_hypot, 2),
-        ("imul", crate::builtins::math::math_imul, 2),
-        ("log", crate::builtins::math::math_log, 1),
-        ("log10", crate::builtins::math::math_log10, 1),
-        ("log2", crate::builtins::math::math_log2, 1),
-        ("max", crate::builtins::math::math_max, 2),
-        ("min", crate::builtins::math::math_min, 2),
-        ("pow", crate::builtins::math::math_pow, 2),
-        ("random", crate::builtins::math::math_random, 0),
-        ("round", crate::builtins::math::math_round, 1),
-        ("sign", crate::builtins::math::math_sign, 1),
-        ("sin", crate::builtins::math::math_sin, 1),
-        ("sinh", crate::builtins::math::math_sinh, 1),
-        ("sqrt", crate::builtins::math::math_sqrt, 1),
-        ("tan", crate::builtins::math::math_tan, 1),
-        ("tanh", crate::builtins::math::math_tanh, 1),
-        ("trunc", crate::builtins::math::math_trunc, 1),
-        ("acosh", crate::builtins::math::math_acosh, 1),
-        ("asinh", crate::builtins::math::math_asinh, 1),
-        ("atanh", crate::builtins::math::math_atanh, 1),
-        ("clz32", crate::builtins::math::math_clz32, 1),
-        ("expm1", crate::builtins::math::math_expm1, 1),
-        ("fround", crate::builtins::math::math_fround, 1),
-        ("log1p", crate::builtins::math::math_log1p, 1),
+        ("abs", oxide_builtins::math::math_abs::<crate::vm::Vm>, 1),
+        ("acos", oxide_builtins::math::math_acos::<crate::vm::Vm>, 1),
+        ("asin", oxide_builtins::math::math_asin::<crate::vm::Vm>, 1),
+        ("atan", oxide_builtins::math::math_atan::<crate::vm::Vm>, 1),
+        ("atan2", oxide_builtins::math::math_atan2::<crate::vm::Vm>, 2),
+        ("cbrt", oxide_builtins::math::math_cbrt::<crate::vm::Vm>, 1),
+        ("ceil", oxide_builtins::math::math_ceil::<crate::vm::Vm>, 1),
+        ("cos", oxide_builtins::math::math_cos::<crate::vm::Vm>, 1),
+        ("cosh", oxide_builtins::math::math_cosh::<crate::vm::Vm>, 1),
+        ("exp", oxide_builtins::math::math_exp::<crate::vm::Vm>, 1),
+        ("floor", oxide_builtins::math::math_floor::<crate::vm::Vm>, 1),
+        ("hypot", oxide_builtins::math::math_hypot::<crate::vm::Vm>, 2),
+        ("imul", oxide_builtins::math::math_imul::<crate::vm::Vm>, 2),
+        ("log", oxide_builtins::math::math_log::<crate::vm::Vm>, 1),
+        ("log10", oxide_builtins::math::math_log10::<crate::vm::Vm>, 1),
+        ("log2", oxide_builtins::math::math_log2::<crate::vm::Vm>, 1),
+        ("max", oxide_builtins::math::math_max::<crate::vm::Vm>, 2),
+        ("min", oxide_builtins::math::math_min::<crate::vm::Vm>, 2),
+        ("pow", oxide_builtins::math::math_pow::<crate::vm::Vm>, 2),
+        ("random", oxide_builtins::math::math_random::<crate::vm::Vm>, 0),
+        ("round", oxide_builtins::math::math_round::<crate::vm::Vm>, 1),
+        ("sign", oxide_builtins::math::math_sign::<crate::vm::Vm>, 1),
+        ("sin", oxide_builtins::math::math_sin::<crate::vm::Vm>, 1),
+        ("sinh", oxide_builtins::math::math_sinh::<crate::vm::Vm>, 1),
+        ("sqrt", oxide_builtins::math::math_sqrt::<crate::vm::Vm>, 1),
+        ("tan", oxide_builtins::math::math_tan::<crate::vm::Vm>, 1),
+        ("tanh", oxide_builtins::math::math_tanh::<crate::vm::Vm>, 1),
+        ("trunc", oxide_builtins::math::math_trunc::<crate::vm::Vm>, 1),
+        ("acosh", oxide_builtins::math::math_acosh::<crate::vm::Vm>, 1),
+        ("asinh", oxide_builtins::math::math_asinh::<crate::vm::Vm>, 1),
+        ("atanh", oxide_builtins::math::math_atanh::<crate::vm::Vm>, 1),
+        ("clz32", oxide_builtins::math::math_clz32::<crate::vm::Vm>, 1),
+        ("expm1", oxide_builtins::math::math_expm1::<crate::vm::Vm>, 1),
+        ("fround", oxide_builtins::math::math_fround::<crate::vm::Vm>, 1),
+        ("log1p", oxide_builtins::math::math_log1p::<crate::vm::Vm>, 1),
     );
 
     for (name, val) in [
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_number.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_number.rs
index df3b390..e693de5 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_number.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_number.rs
@@ -12,17 +12,21 @@ pub fn bind_number(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &mut
     let proto_ptr = session.builtin_world().number_proto.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject;
     let proto = unsafe { &mut *proto_ptr };
 
-    configure_native_constructor(ctor, crate::builtins::number::number_constructor as *const (), 1);
+    configure_native_constructor(ctor, oxide_builtins::number::number_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1);
 
     apply_binding_table(
         session.builtin_world(),
         ctor,
         core,
         &[
-            ("isNaN", crate::builtins::number::number_is_nan as *const (), 1),
-            ("isFinite", crate::builtins::number::number_is_finite as *const (), 1),
-            ("isInteger", crate::builtins::number::number_is_integer as *const (), 1),
-            ("isSafeInteger", crate::builtins::number::number_is_safe_integer as *const (), 1),
+            ("isNaN", oxide_builtins::number::number_is_nan::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
+            ("isFinite", oxide_builtins::number::number_is_finite::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
+            ("isInteger", oxide_builtins::number::number_is_integer::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
+            (
+                "isSafeInteger",
+                oxide_builtins::number::number_is_safe_integer::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                1,
+            ),
         ],
     );
 
@@ -31,11 +35,19 @@ pub fn bind_number(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &mut
         proto,
         core,
         &[
-            ("toString", crate::builtins::number::number_to_string as *const (), 0),
-            ("toFixed", crate::builtins::number::number_to_fixed as *const (), 0),
-            ("toExponential", crate::builtins::number::number_to_exponential as *const (), 0),
-            ("toPrecision", crate::builtins::number::number_to_precision as *const (), 0),
-            ("valueOf", crate::builtins::number::number_value_of as *const (), 0),
+            ("toString", oxide_builtins::number::number_to_string::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 0),
+            ("toFixed", oxide_builtins::number::number_to_fixed::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 0),
+            (
+                "toExponential",
+                oxide_builtins::number::number_to_exponential::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                0,
+            ),
+            (
+                "toPrecision",
+                oxide_builtins::number::number_to_precision::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                0,
+            ),
+            ("valueOf", oxide_builtins::number::number_value_of::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 0),
         ],
     );
 
@@ -55,15 +67,15 @@ pub fn bind_number(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &mut
         ctor.set_shape_id(next_shape);
     }
 
-    bind_constructor!(core, global, "Number", ctor_ptr, crate::builtins::number::number_constructor, 1, hash: true);
+    bind_constructor!(core, global, "Number", ctor_ptr, oxide_builtins::number::number_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm>, 1, hash: true);
 
     apply_binding_table(
         session.builtin_world(),
         global,
         core,
         &[
-            ("parseInt", crate::builtins::number::number_parse_int as *const (), 1),
-            ("parseFloat", crate::builtins::number::number_parse_float as *const (), 1),
+            ("parseInt", oxide_builtins::number::number_parse_int::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
+            ("parseFloat", oxide_builtins::number::number_parse_float::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
         ],
     );
 }
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_object.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_object.rs
index c976e17..12a190a 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_object.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_object.rs
@@ -8,32 +8,41 @@ use crate::bind_constructor;
 
 pub fn bind_object(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &mut JsObject) {
     let methods = ObjectMethods {
-        keys: crate::builtins::object::object_keys as *const (),
-        create: crate::builtins::object::object_create as *const (),
-        assign: crate::builtins::object::object_assign as *const (),
-        is: crate::builtins::object::object_is as *const (),
-        define_property: crate::builtins::object::object_define_property as *const (),
-        get_own_property_descriptor: crate::builtins::object::object_get_own_property_descriptor as *const (),
-        freeze: crate::builtins::object::object_freeze as *const (),
-        seal: crate::builtins::object::object_seal as *const (),
-        prevent_extensions: crate::builtins::object::object_prevent_extensions as *const (),
-        is_frozen: crate::builtins::object::object_is_frozen as *const (),
-        is_sealed: crate::builtins::object::object_is_sealed as *const (),
-        is_extensible: crate::builtins::object::object_is_extensible as *const (),
-        get_own_property_names: crate::builtins::object::object_get_own_property_names as *const (),
-        define_properties: crate::builtins::object::object_define_properties as *const (),
-        from_entries: crate::builtins::object::object_from_entries as *const (),
-        get_prototype_of: crate::builtins::object::object_get_prototype_of as *const (),
-        has_own: crate::builtins::object::object_has_own as *const (),
-        entries: crate::builtins::object::object_entries as *const (),
-        values: crate::builtins::object::object_values as *const (),
-        has_own_property: crate::builtins::object::object_proto_has_own_property as *const (),
-        property_is_enumerable: crate::builtins::object::object_proto_property_is_enumerable as *const (),
+        keys: oxide_builtins::object::object_keys::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        create: oxide_builtins::object::object_create::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        assign: oxide_builtins::object::object_assign::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        is: oxide_builtins::object::object_is::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        define_property: oxide_builtins::object::object_define_property::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        get_own_property_descriptor: oxide_builtins::object::object_get_own_property_descriptor::<crate::vm::Vm>
+            as *const (),
+        freeze: oxide_builtins::object::object_freeze::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        seal: oxide_builtins::object::object_seal::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        prevent_extensions: oxide_builtins::object::object_prevent_extensions::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        is_frozen: oxide_builtins::object::object_is_frozen::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        is_sealed: oxide_builtins::object::object_is_sealed::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        is_extensible: oxide_builtins::object::object_is_extensible::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        get_own_property_names: oxide_builtins::object::object_get_own_property_names::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        define_properties: oxide_builtins::object::object_define_properties::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        from_entries: oxide_builtins::object::object_from_entries::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        get_prototype_of: oxide_builtins::object::object_get_prototype_of::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        has_own: oxide_builtins::object::object_has_own::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        entries: oxide_builtins::object::object_entries::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        values: oxide_builtins::object::object_values::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        has_own_property: oxide_builtins::object::object_proto_has_own_property::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        property_is_enumerable: oxide_builtins::object::object_proto_property_is_enumerable::<crate::vm::Vm>
+            as *const (),
     };
     session
         .builtin_world()
         .bind_object_methods(&methods, core.perm_interner().as_ref(), core.shape_forge().as_ref());
 
     let ctor_ptr = session.builtin_world().object_constructor.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject;
-    bind_constructor!(core, global, "Object", ctor_ptr, crate::builtins::object::object_constructor, 1);
+    bind_constructor!(
+        core,
+        global,
+        "Object",
+        ctor_ptr,
+        oxide_builtins::object::object_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm>,
+        1
+    );
 }
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_reflect.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_reflect.rs
index bc8bb5c..d4283d4 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_reflect.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_reflect.rs
@@ -17,23 +17,47 @@ pub fn bind_reflect(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &mu
         &mut reflect,
         core,
         &[
-            ("apply", crate::builtins::reflect::reflect_apply as *const (), 3),
-            ("construct", crate::builtins::reflect::reflect_construct as *const (), 2),
-            ("defineProperty", crate::builtins::reflect::reflect_define_property as *const (), 3),
-            ("deleteProperty", crate::builtins::reflect::reflect_delete_property as *const (), 2),
-            ("get", crate::builtins::reflect::reflect_get as *const (), 2),
+            ("apply", oxide_builtins::reflect::reflect_apply::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 3),
+            ("construct", oxide_builtins::reflect::reflect_construct::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 2),
             (
-                "getOwnPropertyDescriptor",
-                crate::builtins::reflect::reflect_get_own_property_descriptor as *const (),
+                "defineProperty",
+                oxide_builtins::reflect::reflect_define_property::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                3,
+            ),
+            (
+                "deleteProperty",
+                oxide_builtins::reflect::reflect_delete_property::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                2,
+            ),
+            ("get", oxide_builtins::reflect::reflect_get::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 2),
+            (
+                "getOwnPropertyDescriptor",
+                oxide_builtins::reflect::reflect_get_own_property_descriptor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                2,
+            ),
+            (
+                "getPrototypeOf",
+                oxide_builtins::reflect::reflect_get_prototype_of::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                1,
+            ),
+            ("has", oxide_builtins::reflect::reflect_has::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 2),
+            (
+                "isExtensible",
+                oxide_builtins::reflect::reflect_is_extensible::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                1,
+            ),
+            ("ownKeys", oxide_builtins::reflect::reflect_own_keys::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
+            (
+                "preventExtensions",
+                oxide_builtins::reflect::reflect_prevent_extensions::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                1,
+            ),
+            ("set", oxide_builtins::reflect::reflect_set::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 3),
+            (
+                "setPrototypeOf",
+                oxide_builtins::reflect::reflect_set_prototype_of::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
                 2,
             ),
-            ("getPrototypeOf", crate::builtins::reflect::reflect_get_prototype_of as *const (), 1),
-            ("has", crate::builtins::reflect::reflect_has as *const (), 2),
-            ("isExtensible", crate::builtins::reflect::reflect_is_extensible as *const (), 1),
-            ("ownKeys", crate::builtins::reflect::reflect_own_keys as *const (), 1),
-            ("preventExtensions", crate::builtins::reflect::reflect_prevent_extensions as *const (), 1),
-            ("set", crate::builtins::reflect::reflect_set as *const (), 3),
-            ("setPrototypeOf", crate::builtins::reflect::reflect_set_prototype_of as *const (), 2),
         ],
     );
 
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_regexp.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_regexp.rs
index a3c80a8..8674978 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_regexp.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_regexp.rs
@@ -12,18 +12,18 @@ pub fn bind_regexp(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &mut
     let proto_ptr = session.builtin_world().regexp_proto.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject;
     let proto = unsafe { &mut *proto_ptr };
 
-    configure_native_constructor(ctor, crate::builtins::regexp::regexp_constructor as *const (), 2);
+    configure_native_constructor(ctor, oxide_builtins::regexp::regexp_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 2);
 
     apply_binding_table(
         session.builtin_world(),
         proto,
         core,
         &[
-            ("exec", crate::builtins::regexp::regexp_exec as *const (), 1),
-            ("test", crate::builtins::regexp::regexp_test as *const (), 1),
-            ("toString", crate::builtins::regexp::regexp_to_string as *const (), 0),
+            ("exec", oxide_builtins::regexp::regexp_exec::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
+            ("test", oxide_builtins::regexp::regexp_test::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
+            ("toString", oxide_builtins::regexp::regexp_to_string::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 0),
         ],
     );
 
-    bind_constructor!(core, global, "RegExp", ctor_ptr, crate::builtins::regexp::regexp_constructor, 2, hash: true);
+    bind_constructor!(core, global, "RegExp", ctor_ptr, oxide_builtins::regexp::regexp_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm>, 2, hash: true);
 }
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_set.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_set.rs
index 0e51ffc..078d89c 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_set.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_set.rs
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ pub fn bind_set(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &mut Js
     let ctor = unsafe { &mut *ctor_ptr };
     let proto_ptr = session.builtin_world().set_proto.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject;
 
-    configure_native_constructor(ctor, crate::builtins::set::set_constructor as *const (), 1);
+    configure_native_constructor(ctor, oxide_builtins::set::set_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1);
     let proto = unsafe { &mut *proto_ptr };
 
     apply_binding_table(
@@ -18,13 +18,13 @@ pub fn bind_set(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &mut Js
         proto,
         core,
         &[
-            ("add", crate::builtins::set::set_add as *const (), 1),
-            ("has", crate::builtins::set::set_has as *const (), 1),
-            ("delete", crate::builtins::set::set_delete as *const (), 1),
-            ("clear", crate::builtins::set::set_clear as *const (), 0),
-            ("size", crate::builtins::set::set_size as *const (), 0),
+            ("add", oxide_builtins::set::set_add::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
+            ("has", oxide_builtins::set::set_has::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
+            ("delete", oxide_builtins::set::set_delete::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
+            ("clear", oxide_builtins::set::set_clear::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 0),
+            ("size", oxide_builtins::set::set_size::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 0),
         ],
     );
 
-    bind_constructor!(core, global, "Set", ctor_ptr, crate::builtins::set::set_constructor, 1, hash: true);
+    bind_constructor!(core, global, "Set", ctor_ptr, oxide_builtins::set::set_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm>, 1, hash: true);
 }
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_string.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_string.rs
index 01dd6a2..c58f7b2 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_string.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_string.rs
@@ -8,33 +8,33 @@ use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
 
 pub fn bind_string(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &mut JsObject) {
     let string_methods = StringMethods {
-        from_char_code: crate::builtins::string::string_from_char_code as *const (),
-        index_of: crate::builtins::string::string_index_of as *const (),
-        includes: crate::builtins::string::string_includes as *const (),
-        char_at: crate::builtins::string::string_char_at as *const (),
-        char_code_at: crate::builtins::string::string_char_code_at as *const (),
-        concat: crate::builtins::string::string_concat as *const (),
-        slice: crate::builtins::string::string_slice as *const (),
-        substring: crate::builtins::string::string_substring as *const (),
-        to_upper_case: crate::builtins::string::string_to_upper_case as *const (),
-        to_lower_case: crate::builtins::string::string_to_lower_case as *const (),
-        trim: crate::builtins::string::string_trim as *const (),
-        repeat: crate::builtins::string::string_repeat as *const (),
-        pad_start: crate::builtins::string::string_pad_start as *const (),
-        pad_end: crate::builtins::string::string_pad_end as *const (),
-        starts_with: crate::builtins::string::string_starts_with as *const (),
-        ends_with: crate::builtins::string::string_ends_with as *const (),
-        split: crate::builtins::string::string_split as *const (),
-        replace: crate::builtins::string::string_replace as *const (),
-        match_fn: crate::builtins::string::string_match_fn as *const (),
-        search: crate::builtins::string::string_search as *const (),
-        trim_start: crate::builtins::string::string_trim_start as *const (),
-        trim_end: crate::builtins::string::string_trim_end as *const (),
-        code_point_at: crate::builtins::string::string_code_point_at as *const (),
-        normalize: crate::builtins::string::string_normalize as *const (),
-        match_all: crate::builtins::string::string_match_all as *const (),
-        replace_all: crate::builtins::string::string_replace_all as *const (),
-        value_of: crate::builtins::string::string_value_of as *const (),
+        from_char_code: oxide_builtins::string::string_from_char_code::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        index_of: oxide_builtins::string::string_index_of::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        includes: oxide_builtins::string::string_includes::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        char_at: oxide_builtins::string::string_char_at::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        char_code_at: oxide_builtins::string::string_char_code_at::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        concat: oxide_builtins::string::string_concat::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        slice: oxide_builtins::string::string_slice::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        substring: oxide_builtins::string::string_substring::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        to_upper_case: oxide_builtins::string::string_to_upper_case::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        to_lower_case: oxide_builtins::string::string_to_lower_case::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        trim: oxide_builtins::string::string_trim::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        repeat: oxide_builtins::string::string_repeat::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        pad_start: oxide_builtins::string::string_pad_start::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        pad_end: oxide_builtins::string::string_pad_end::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        starts_with: oxide_builtins::string::string_starts_with::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        ends_with: oxide_builtins::string::string_ends_with::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        split: oxide_builtins::string::string_split::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        replace: oxide_builtins::string::string_replace::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        match_fn: oxide_builtins::string::string_match_fn::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        search: oxide_builtins::string::string_search::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        trim_start: oxide_builtins::string::string_trim_start::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        trim_end: oxide_builtins::string::string_trim_end::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        code_point_at: oxide_builtins::string::string_code_point_at::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        normalize: oxide_builtins::string::string_normalize::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        match_all: oxide_builtins::string::string_match_all::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        replace_all: oxide_builtins::string::string_replace_all::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        value_of: oxide_builtins::string::string_value_of::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
     };
     session.builtin_world().bind_string_methods(
         &string_methods,
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ pub fn bind_string(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &mut
 
     let ctor_ptr = session.builtin_world().string_constructor.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject;
     let ctor = unsafe { &mut *ctor_ptr };
-    configure_native_constructor(ctor, crate::builtins::string::string_constructor as *const (), 1);
+    configure_native_constructor(ctor, oxide_builtins::string::string_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1);
 
     let proto_ptr = session.builtin_world().string_proto.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject;
     let proto = unsafe { &mut *proto_ptr };
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ pub fn bind_string(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &mut
         session.builtin_world(),
         proto,
         core,
-        &[("toString", crate::builtins::string::string_to_string as *const (), 0)],
+        &[("toString", oxide_builtins::string::string_to_string::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 0)],
     );
 
     let si_str = core.perm_interner().intern("String").0;
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_stubs.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_stubs.rs
index 0bb7d8b..14625c4 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_stubs.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_stubs.rs
@@ -9,14 +9,22 @@ use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
 use crate::bindings::{bind_global_value, configure_native_constructor};
 
 const STUBS: [(&str, *const (), u8); 8] = [
-    ("Proxy", crate::builtins::stubs::proxy_stub as *const (), 2),
-    ("BigInt", crate::builtins::stubs::bigint_stub as *const (), 1),
-    ("WeakMap", crate::builtins::stubs::weakmap_stub as *const (), 0),
-    ("WeakSet", crate::builtins::stubs::weakset_stub as *const (), 0),
-    ("WeakRef", crate::builtins::stubs::weakref_stub as *const (), 1),
-    ("FinalizationRegistry", crate::builtins::stubs::finalization_registry_stub as *const (), 1),
-    ("SharedArrayBuffer", crate::builtins::stubs::shared_array_buffer_stub as *const (), 1),
-    ("Atomics", crate::builtins::stubs::atomics_stub as *const (), 0),
+    ("Proxy", oxide_builtins::stubs::proxy_stub::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 2),
+    ("BigInt", oxide_builtins::stubs::bigint_stub::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
+    ("WeakMap", oxide_builtins::stubs::weakmap_stub::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 0),
+    ("WeakSet", oxide_builtins::stubs::weakset_stub::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 0),
+    ("WeakRef", oxide_builtins::stubs::weakref_stub::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
+    (
+        "FinalizationRegistry",
+        oxide_builtins::stubs::finalization_registry_stub::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        1,
+    ),
+    (
+        "SharedArrayBuffer",
+        oxide_builtins::stubs::shared_array_buffer_stub::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        1,
+    ),
+    ("Atomics", oxide_builtins::stubs::atomics_stub::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 0),
 ];
 
 pub fn bind_stubs(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &mut KernelSession, global: &mut JsObject) {
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_symbol.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_symbol.rs
index fd6180d..1b020df 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_symbol.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_symbol.rs
@@ -13,15 +13,15 @@ pub fn bind_symbol(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &mut
     let proto_ptr = session.builtin_world().symbol_proto.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject;
     let proto = unsafe { &mut *proto_ptr };
 
-    configure_native_constructor(ctor, crate::builtins::symbol::symbol_constructor as *const (), 1);
+    configure_native_constructor(ctor, oxide_builtins::symbol::symbol_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1);
 
     apply_binding_table(
         session.builtin_world(),
         ctor,
         core,
         &[
-            ("for", crate::builtins::symbol::symbol_for as *const (), 1),
-            ("keyFor", crate::builtins::symbol::symbol_key_for as *const (), 1),
+            ("for", oxide_builtins::symbol::symbol_for::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
+            ("keyFor", oxide_builtins::symbol::symbol_key_for::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
         ],
     );
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ pub fn bind_symbol(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &mut
         session.builtin_world(),
         proto,
         core,
-        &[("toString", crate::builtins::symbol::symbol_to_string as *const (), 0)],
+        &[("toString", oxide_builtins::symbol::symbol_to_string::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 0)],
     );
 
     for (name, val) in [
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ pub fn bind_symbol(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &mut
         bind_well_known_symbol(core, ctor, name, val);
     }
 
-    bind_constructor!(core, global, "Symbol", ctor_ptr, crate::builtins::symbol::symbol_constructor, 1, hash: true);
+    bind_constructor!(core, global, "Symbol", ctor_ptr, oxide_builtins::symbol::symbol_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm>, 1, hash: true);
 }
 
 fn bind_well_known_symbol(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, ctor: &mut JsObject, name: &str, val: JsValue) {
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_typed_array.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_typed_array.rs
index dcd8a88..0d93c80 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_typed_array.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/bind_typed_array.rs
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use oxide_types::object::JsObject;
 macro_rules! bind_typed_array_constructor {
     ($core:expr, $global:expr, $name:literal, $ctor_ptr:expr, $ctor_fn:path) => {{
         let ctor = unsafe { &mut *$ctor_ptr };
-        configure_native_constructor(ctor, $ctor_fn as *const (), 1);
+        configure_native_constructor(ctor, ($ctor_fn as fn(&mut $crate::vm::Vm, &[u8]) -> oxide_runtime_api::NativeResult) as *const (), 1);
         bind_constructor!($core, $global, $name, $ctor_ptr, $ctor_fn, 1, hash: true);
     }};
 }
@@ -21,12 +21,20 @@ pub fn bind_typed_array(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global:
         shared_proto,
         core,
         &[
-            ("at", crate::builtins::typed_array::typed_array_at as *const (), 1),
-            ("fill", crate::builtins::typed_array::typed_array_fill as *const (), 3),
-            ("set", crate::builtins::typed_array::typed_array_set as *const (), 2),
-            ("slice", crate::builtins::typed_array::typed_array_slice as *const (), 2),
-            ("subarray", crate::builtins::typed_array::typed_array_subarray as *const (), 2),
-            ("toString", crate::builtins::typed_array::typed_array_to_string as *const (), 0),
+            ("at", oxide_builtins::typed_array::typed_array_at::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
+            ("fill", oxide_builtins::typed_array::typed_array_fill::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 3),
+            ("set", oxide_builtins::typed_array::typed_array_set::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 2),
+            ("slice", oxide_builtins::typed_array::typed_array_slice::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 2),
+            (
+                "subarray",
+                oxide_builtins::typed_array::typed_array_subarray::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                2,
+            ),
+            (
+                "toString",
+                oxide_builtins::typed_array::typed_array_to_string::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                0,
+            ),
         ],
     );
 
@@ -35,76 +43,76 @@ pub fn bind_typed_array(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global:
         global,
         "Int8Array",
         session.builtin_world().int8array_constructor.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject,
-        crate::builtins::typed_array::int8array_constructor
+        oxide_builtins::typed_array::int8array_constructor
     );
     bind_typed_array_constructor!(
         core,
         global,
         "Uint8Array",
         session.builtin_world().uint8array_constructor.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject,
-        crate::builtins::typed_array::uint8array_constructor
+        oxide_builtins::typed_array::uint8array_constructor
     );
     bind_typed_array_constructor!(
         core,
         global,
         "Uint8ClampedArray",
         session.builtin_world().uint8clampedarray_constructor.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject,
-        crate::builtins::typed_array::uint8clampedarray_constructor
+        oxide_builtins::typed_array::uint8clampedarray_constructor
     );
     bind_typed_array_constructor!(
         core,
         global,
         "Int16Array",
         session.builtin_world().int16array_constructor.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject,
-        crate::builtins::typed_array::int16array_constructor
+        oxide_builtins::typed_array::int16array_constructor
     );
     bind_typed_array_constructor!(
         core,
         global,
         "Uint16Array",
         session.builtin_world().uint16array_constructor.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject,
-        crate::builtins::typed_array::uint16array_constructor
+        oxide_builtins::typed_array::uint16array_constructor
     );
     bind_typed_array_constructor!(
         core,
         global,
         "Int32Array",
         session.builtin_world().int32array_constructor.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject,
-        crate::builtins::typed_array::int32array_constructor
+        oxide_builtins::typed_array::int32array_constructor
     );
     bind_typed_array_constructor!(
         core,
         global,
         "Uint32Array",
         session.builtin_world().uint32array_constructor.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject,
-        crate::builtins::typed_array::uint32array_constructor
+        oxide_builtins::typed_array::uint32array_constructor
     );
     bind_typed_array_constructor!(
         core,
         global,
         "Float32Array",
         session.builtin_world().float32array_constructor.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject,
-        crate::builtins::typed_array::float32array_constructor
+        oxide_builtins::typed_array::float32array_constructor
     );
     bind_typed_array_constructor!(
         core,
         global,
         "Float64Array",
         session.builtin_world().float64array_constructor.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject,
-        crate::builtins::typed_array::float64array_constructor
+        oxide_builtins::typed_array::float64array_constructor
     );
     bind_typed_array_constructor!(
         core,
         global,
         "BigInt64Array",
         session.builtin_world().bigint64array_constructor.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject,
-        crate::builtins::typed_array::bigint64array_constructor
+        oxide_builtins::typed_array::bigint64array_constructor
     );
     bind_typed_array_constructor!(
         core,
         global,
         "BigUint64Array",
         session.builtin_world().biguint64array_constructor.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject,
-        crate::builtins::typed_array::biguint64array_constructor
+        oxide_builtins::typed_array::biguint64array_constructor
     );
 }
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/mod.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/mod.rs
index d399da9..a8eb597 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/bindings/mod.rs
@@ -46,7 +46,8 @@ macro_rules! bind_constructor {
             $global.push_prop(val);
         }
         let ctor = unsafe { &mut *$ctor_ptr };
-        ctor.set_native_fn(Some(unsafe { oxide_types::object::NativeFnPtr::from_raw($ctor_fn as *const ()) }));
+        let ptr: *const () = ($ctor_fn as fn(&mut $crate::vm::Vm, &[u8]) -> oxide_runtime_api::NativeResult) as *const ();
+        ctor.set_native_fn(Some(unsafe { oxide_types::object::NativeFnPtr::from_raw(ptr) }));
         ctor.set_native_arg_count($nargs);
     }};
 }
@@ -127,14 +128,22 @@ fn bind_global_functions(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global
         global,
         core,
         &[
-            ("parseInt", crate::builtins::number::number_parse_int as *const (), 1),
-            ("parseFloat", crate::builtins::number::number_parse_float as *const (), 1),
-            ("escape", crate::builtins::global::js_escape as *const (), 1),
-            ("unescape", crate::builtins::global::js_unescape as *const (), 1),
-            ("encodeURI", crate::builtins::global::encode_uri as *const (), 1),
-            ("decodeURI", crate::builtins::global::decode_uri as *const (), 1),
-            ("encodeURIComponent", crate::builtins::global::encode_uri_component as *const (), 1),
-            ("decodeURIComponent", crate::builtins::global::decode_uri_component as *const (), 1),
+            ("parseInt", oxide_builtins::number::number_parse_int::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
+            ("parseFloat", oxide_builtins::number::number_parse_float::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
+            ("escape", oxide_builtins::global::js_escape::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
+            ("unescape", oxide_builtins::global::js_unescape::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
+            ("encodeURI", oxide_builtins::global::encode_uri::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
+            ("decodeURI", oxide_builtins::global::decode_uri::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
+            (
+                "encodeURIComponent",
+                oxide_builtins::global::encode_uri_component::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                1,
+            ),
+            (
+                "decodeURIComponent",
+                oxide_builtins::global::decode_uri_component::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                1,
+            ),
         ],
     );
 }
@@ -149,23 +158,47 @@ fn bind_reflect_global(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global:
         &mut reflect,
         core,
         &[
-            ("apply", crate::builtins::reflect::reflect_apply as *const (), 3),
-            ("construct", crate::builtins::reflect::reflect_construct as *const (), 2),
-            ("defineProperty", crate::builtins::reflect::reflect_define_property as *const (), 3),
-            ("deleteProperty", crate::builtins::reflect::reflect_delete_property as *const (), 2),
-            ("get", crate::builtins::reflect::reflect_get as *const (), 2),
+            ("apply", oxide_builtins::reflect::reflect_apply::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 3),
+            ("construct", oxide_builtins::reflect::reflect_construct::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 2),
             (
-                "getOwnPropertyDescriptor",
-                crate::builtins::reflect::reflect_get_own_property_descriptor as *const (),
+                "defineProperty",
+                oxide_builtins::reflect::reflect_define_property::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                3,
+            ),
+            (
+                "deleteProperty",
+                oxide_builtins::reflect::reflect_delete_property::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                2,
+            ),
+            ("get", oxide_builtins::reflect::reflect_get::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 2),
+            (
+                "getOwnPropertyDescriptor",
+                oxide_builtins::reflect::reflect_get_own_property_descriptor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                2,
+            ),
+            (
+                "getPrototypeOf",
+                oxide_builtins::reflect::reflect_get_prototype_of::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                1,
+            ),
+            ("has", oxide_builtins::reflect::reflect_has::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 2),
+            (
+                "isExtensible",
+                oxide_builtins::reflect::reflect_is_extensible::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                1,
+            ),
+            ("ownKeys", oxide_builtins::reflect::reflect_own_keys::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
+            (
+                "preventExtensions",
+                oxide_builtins::reflect::reflect_prevent_extensions::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+                1,
+            ),
+            ("set", oxide_builtins::reflect::reflect_set::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 3),
+            (
+                "setPrototypeOf",
+                oxide_builtins::reflect::reflect_set_prototype_of::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
                 2,
             ),
-            ("getPrototypeOf", crate::builtins::reflect::reflect_get_prototype_of as *const (), 1),
-            ("has", crate::builtins::reflect::reflect_has as *const (), 2),
-            ("isExtensible", crate::builtins::reflect::reflect_is_extensible as *const (), 1),
-            ("ownKeys", crate::builtins::reflect::reflect_own_keys as *const (), 1),
-            ("preventExtensions", crate::builtins::reflect::reflect_prevent_extensions as *const (), 1),
-            ("set", crate::builtins::reflect::reflect_set as *const (), 3),
-            ("setPrototypeOf", crate::builtins::reflect::reflect_set_prototype_of as *const (), 2),
         ],
     );
     bind_existing_global(core, global, "Reflect", JsValue::from_js_object(Box::into_raw(reflect)));
@@ -175,26 +208,38 @@ fn bind_iterator_global(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global:
     let function_proto = session.builtin_world().function_proto.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject;
     let mut iterator = Box::new(JsObject::new_empty(EMPTY_SHAPE_ID, JsValue::from_js_object(function_proto)));
     iterator.set_function(true);
-    configure_native_constructor(&mut iterator, crate::builtins::iterator::iterator_constructor as *const (), 0);
+    configure_native_constructor(
+        &mut iterator,
+        oxide_builtins::iterator::iterator_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        0,
+    );
     apply_binding_table(
         session.builtin_world(),
         &mut iterator,
         core,
-        &[("from", crate::builtins::iterator::iterator_from as *const (), 1)],
+        &[("from", oxide_builtins::iterator::iterator_from::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1)],
     );
     bind_existing_global(core, global, "Iterator", JsValue::from_js_object(Box::into_raw(iterator)));
 }
 
 fn bind_stub_globals(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &mut JsObject) {
     for (index, (name, native_fn, arg_count)) in [
-        ("Proxy", crate::builtins::stubs::proxy_stub as *const (), 2),
-        ("BigInt", crate::builtins::stubs::bigint_stub as *const (), 1),
-        ("WeakMap", crate::builtins::stubs::weakmap_stub as *const (), 0),
-        ("WeakSet", crate::builtins::stubs::weakset_stub as *const (), 0),
-        ("WeakRef", crate::builtins::stubs::weakref_stub as *const (), 1),
-        ("FinalizationRegistry", crate::builtins::stubs::finalization_registry_stub as *const (), 1),
-        ("SharedArrayBuffer", crate::builtins::stubs::shared_array_buffer_stub as *const (), 1),
-        ("Atomics", crate::builtins::stubs::atomics_stub as *const (), 0),
+        ("Proxy", oxide_builtins::stubs::proxy_stub::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 2),
+        ("BigInt", oxide_builtins::stubs::bigint_stub::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
+        ("WeakMap", oxide_builtins::stubs::weakmap_stub::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 0),
+        ("WeakSet", oxide_builtins::stubs::weakset_stub::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 0),
+        ("WeakRef", oxide_builtins::stubs::weakref_stub::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 1),
+        (
+            "FinalizationRegistry",
+            oxide_builtins::stubs::finalization_registry_stub::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+            1,
+        ),
+        (
+            "SharedArrayBuffer",
+            oxide_builtins::stubs::shared_array_buffer_stub::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+            1,
+        ),
+        ("Atomics", oxide_builtins::stubs::atomics_stub::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (), 0),
     ]
     .into_iter()
     .enumerate()
@@ -209,26 +254,66 @@ fn bind_stub_globals(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &m
 pub fn bind_global_builtin_slots(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession, global: &mut JsObject) {
     let world = session.builtin_world();
 
-    configure_existing_ctor(&world.object_constructor, crate::builtins::object::object_constructor as *const (), 1);
-    configure_existing_ctor(&world.array_constructor, crate::builtins::array::array_constructor as *const (), 1);
+    configure_existing_ctor(
+        &world.object_constructor,
+        oxide_builtins::object::object_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        1,
+    );
+    configure_existing_ctor(
+        &world.array_constructor,
+        oxide_builtins::array::array_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        1,
+    );
     configure_existing_ctor(
         &world.array_buffer_constructor,
-        crate::builtins::array_buffer::array_buffer_constructor as *const (),
+        oxide_builtins::array_buffer::array_buffer_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
         1,
     );
     configure_existing_ctor(
         &world.data_view_constructor,
-        crate::builtins::data_view::data_view_constructor as *const (),
+        oxide_builtins::data_view::data_view_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
         3,
     );
-    configure_existing_ctor(&world.error_constructor, crate::builtins::error::error_constructor as *const (), 1);
-    configure_existing_ctor(&world.number_constructor, crate::builtins::number::number_constructor as *const (), 1);
-    configure_existing_ctor(&world.date_constructor, crate::builtins::date::date_constructor as *const (), 7);
-    configure_existing_ctor(&world.set_constructor, crate::builtins::set::set_constructor as *const (), 1);
-    configure_existing_ctor(&world.map_constructor, crate::builtins::map::map_constructor as *const (), 1);
-    configure_existing_ctor(&world.boolean_constructor, crate::builtins::boolean::boolean_constructor as *const (), 1);
-    configure_existing_ctor(&world.regexp_constructor, crate::builtins::regexp::regexp_constructor as *const (), 2);
-    configure_existing_ctor(&world.symbol_constructor, crate::builtins::symbol::symbol_constructor as *const (), 1);
+    configure_existing_ctor(
+        &world.error_constructor,
+        oxide_builtins::error::error_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        1,
+    );
+    configure_existing_ctor(
+        &world.number_constructor,
+        oxide_builtins::number::number_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        1,
+    );
+    configure_existing_ctor(
+        &world.date_constructor,
+        oxide_builtins::date::date_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        7,
+    );
+    configure_existing_ctor(
+        &world.set_constructor,
+        oxide_builtins::set::set_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        1,
+    );
+    configure_existing_ctor(
+        &world.map_constructor,
+        oxide_builtins::map::map_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        1,
+    );
+    configure_existing_ctor(
+        &world.boolean_constructor,
+        oxide_builtins::boolean::boolean_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        1,
+    );
+    configure_existing_ctor(
+        &world.regexp_constructor,
+        oxide_builtins::regexp::regexp_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        2,
+    );
+    configure_existing_ctor(
+        &world.symbol_constructor,
+        oxide_builtins::symbol::symbol_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
+        1,
+    );
 
     for (name, value) in [
         ("Object", JsValue::from_js_object(world.object_constructor.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject)),
@@ -258,57 +343,57 @@ pub fn bind_global_builtin_slots(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession
         (
             "Int8Array",
             &world.int8array_constructor,
-            crate::builtins::typed_array::int8array_constructor as *const (),
+            oxide_builtins::typed_array::int8array_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
         ),
         (
             "Uint8Array",
             &world.uint8array_constructor,
-            crate::builtins::typed_array::uint8array_constructor as *const (),
+            oxide_builtins::typed_array::uint8array_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
         ),
         (
             "Uint8ClampedArray",
             &world.uint8clampedarray_constructor,
-            crate::builtins::typed_array::uint8clampedarray_constructor as *const (),
+            oxide_builtins::typed_array::uint8clampedarray_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
         ),
         (
             "Int16Array",
             &world.int16array_constructor,
-            crate::builtins::typed_array::int16array_constructor as *const (),
+            oxide_builtins::typed_array::int16array_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
         ),
         (
             "Uint16Array",
             &world.uint16array_constructor,
-            crate::builtins::typed_array::uint16array_constructor as *const (),
+            oxide_builtins::typed_array::uint16array_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
         ),
         (
             "Int32Array",
             &world.int32array_constructor,
-            crate::builtins::typed_array::int32array_constructor as *const (),
+            oxide_builtins::typed_array::int32array_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
         ),
         (
             "Uint32Array",
             &world.uint32array_constructor,
-            crate::builtins::typed_array::uint32array_constructor as *const (),
+            oxide_builtins::typed_array::uint32array_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
         ),
         (
             "Float32Array",
             &world.float32array_constructor,
-            crate::builtins::typed_array::float32array_constructor as *const (),
+            oxide_builtins::typed_array::float32array_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
         ),
         (
             "Float64Array",
             &world.float64array_constructor,
-            crate::builtins::typed_array::float64array_constructor as *const (),
+            oxide_builtins::typed_array::float64array_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
         ),
         (
             "BigInt64Array",
             &world.bigint64array_constructor,
-            crate::builtins::typed_array::bigint64array_constructor as *const (),
+            oxide_builtins::typed_array::bigint64array_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
         ),
         (
             "BigUint64Array",
             &world.biguint64array_constructor,
-            crate::builtins::typed_array::biguint64array_constructor as *const (),
+            oxide_builtins::typed_array::biguint64array_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
         ),
     ] {
         configure_existing_ctor(ctor, native_fn, 1);
@@ -321,7 +406,7 @@ pub fn bind_global_builtin_slots(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession
         global,
         "TypeError",
         &world.type_error_proto,
-        crate::builtins::error::type_error_constructor as *const (),
+        oxide_builtins::error::type_error_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
     );
     bind_error_subtype_global(
         core,
@@ -329,7 +414,7 @@ pub fn bind_global_builtin_slots(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession
         global,
         "ReferenceError",
         &world.reference_error_proto,
-        crate::builtins::error::reference_error_constructor as *const (),
+        oxide_builtins::error::reference_error_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
     );
     bind_error_subtype_global(
         core,
@@ -337,7 +422,7 @@ pub fn bind_global_builtin_slots(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession
         global,
         "RangeError",
         &world.range_error_proto,
-        crate::builtins::error::range_error_constructor as *const (),
+        oxide_builtins::error::range_error_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
     );
     bind_error_subtype_global(
         core,
@@ -345,7 +430,7 @@ pub fn bind_global_builtin_slots(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession
         global,
         "SyntaxError",
         &world.syntax_error_proto,
-        crate::builtins::error::syntax_error_constructor as *const (),
+        oxide_builtins::error::syntax_error_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
     );
     bind_error_subtype_global(
         core,
@@ -353,7 +438,7 @@ pub fn bind_global_builtin_slots(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession
         global,
         "URIError",
         &world.uri_error_proto,
-        crate::builtins::error::uri_error_constructor as *const (),
+        oxide_builtins::error::uri_error_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
     );
     bind_error_subtype_global(
         core,
@@ -361,7 +446,7 @@ pub fn bind_global_builtin_slots(core: &Arc<KernelCore>, session: &KernelSession
         global,
         "EvalError",
         &world.eval_error_proto,
-        crate::builtins::error::eval_error_constructor as *const (),
+        oxide_builtins::error::eval_error_constructor::<crate::vm::Vm> as *const (),
     );
 
     bind_reflect_global(core, session, global);
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/error.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/error.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 2cb1296..0000000
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/error.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,194 +0,0 @@
-use std::sync::Arc;
-
-use oxide_kernel::shape_forge::EMPTY_SHAPE_ID;
-use oxide_types::mem::P;
-use oxide_types::object::JsObject;
-use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
-
-use crate::coercion;
-use crate::vm::Vm;
-use oxide_runtime_api::NativeResult;
-
-fn create_error_object(vm: &mut Vm, error_proto_ptr: *mut JsObject, name: &str, message: &str) -> JsValue {
-    let obj = vm
-        .epoch()
-        .alloc(JsObject::new_empty(EMPTY_SHAPE_ID, JsValue::from_js_object(error_proto_ptr)));
-
-    let sf = Arc::clone(vm.kernel_core().perm_interner());
-    let sh = Arc::clone(vm.kernel_core().shape_forge());
-
-    let si_message = sf.intern("message").0;
-    let sh_message = sh.make_shape(EMPTY_SHAPE_ID, si_message);
-    let msg_val = vm.new_string(message);
-    unsafe {
-        (*obj).set_shape_id(sh_message);
-        (*obj).push_prop(msg_val);
-    }
-
-    let si_name = sf.intern("name").0;
-    let sh_name = sh.make_shape(sh_message, si_name);
-    let name_val = vm.new_string(name);
-    unsafe {
-        (*obj).set_shape_id(sh_name);
-        (*obj).push_prop(name_val);
-    }
-
-    JsValue::from_js_object(obj)
-}
-
-pub fn create_kind_error(vm: &mut Vm, kind: &str, msg: &str) -> JsValue {
-    let proto_ptr = match kind {
-        "TypeError" => P::as_ptr(&vm.session().builtin_world().type_error_proto) as *mut JsObject,
-        "RangeError" => P::as_ptr(&vm.session().builtin_world().range_error_proto) as *mut JsObject,
-        "ReferenceError" => P::as_ptr(&vm.session().builtin_world().reference_error_proto) as *mut JsObject,
-        "SyntaxError" => P::as_ptr(&vm.session().builtin_world().syntax_error_proto) as *mut JsObject,
-        "URIError" => P::as_ptr(&vm.session().builtin_world().uri_error_proto) as *mut JsObject,
-        "EvalError" => P::as_ptr(&vm.session().builtin_world().eval_error_proto) as *mut JsObject,
-        _ => P::as_ptr(&vm.session().builtin_world().error_proto) as *mut JsObject,
-    };
-    create_error_object(vm, proto_ptr, kind, msg)
-}
-
-pub fn create_type_error(vm: &mut Vm, msg: &str) -> JsValue {
-    create_kind_error(vm, "TypeError", msg)
-}
-
-pub fn create_error(vm: &mut Vm, msg: &str) -> JsValue {
-    create_kind_error(vm, "Error", msg)
-}
-
-pub fn create_reference_error(vm: &mut Vm, msg: &str) -> JsValue {
-    create_kind_error(vm, "ReferenceError", msg)
-}
-
-pub fn create_range_error(vm: &mut Vm, msg: &str) -> JsValue {
-    create_kind_error(vm, "RangeError", msg)
-}
-
-pub fn create_syntax_error(vm: &mut Vm, msg: &str) -> JsValue {
-    create_kind_error(vm, "SyntaxError", msg)
-}
-
-pub fn create_uri_error(vm: &mut Vm, msg: &str) -> JsValue {
-    create_kind_error(vm, "URIError", msg)
-}
-
-fn get_msg(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> String {
-    if args.len() > 1 {
-        coercion::to_string(vm.reg(args[1]))
-    } else {
-        String::new()
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn error_constructor(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
-    let msg = get_msg(vm, args);
-    let proto_ptr = P::as_ptr(&vm.session().builtin_world().error_proto) as *mut JsObject;
-    NativeResult::Ok(create_error_object(vm, proto_ptr, "Error", &msg))
-}
-
-pub fn type_error_constructor(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
-    let msg = get_msg(vm, args);
-    let proto_ptr = P::as_ptr(&vm.session().builtin_world().type_error_proto) as *mut JsObject;
-    NativeResult::Ok(create_error_object(vm, proto_ptr, "TypeError", &msg))
-}
-
-pub fn reference_error_constructor(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
-    let msg = get_msg(vm, args);
-    let proto_ptr = P::as_ptr(&vm.session().builtin_world().reference_error_proto) as *mut JsObject;
-    NativeResult::Ok(create_error_object(vm, proto_ptr, "ReferenceError", &msg))
-}
-
-pub fn range_error_constructor(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
-    let msg = get_msg(vm, args);
-    let proto_ptr = P::as_ptr(&vm.session().builtin_world().range_error_proto) as *mut JsObject;
-    NativeResult::Ok(create_error_object(vm, proto_ptr, "RangeError", &msg))
-}
-
-pub fn syntax_error_constructor(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
-    let msg = get_msg(vm, args);
-    let proto_ptr = P::as_ptr(&vm.session().builtin_world().syntax_error_proto) as *mut JsObject;
-    NativeResult::Ok(create_error_object(vm, proto_ptr, "SyntaxError", &msg))
-}
-
-pub fn uri_error_constructor(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
-    let msg = get_msg(vm, args);
-    let proto_ptr = P::as_ptr(&vm.session().builtin_world().uri_error_proto) as *mut JsObject;
-    NativeResult::Ok(create_error_object(vm, proto_ptr, "URIError", &msg))
-}
-
-pub fn eval_error_constructor(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
-    let msg = get_msg(vm, args);
-    let proto_ptr = P::as_ptr(&vm.session().builtin_world().eval_error_proto) as *mut JsObject;
-    NativeResult::Ok(create_error_object(vm, proto_ptr, "EvalError", &msg))
-}
-
-pub fn error_to_string(vm: &mut Vm, args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
-    let this_val = vm.reg(args[0]);
-    let (name, msg) = if this_val.is_object() {
-        let obj = unsafe { &*this_val.as_js_object_ptr() };
-        let name_val = obj
-            .hash_props_vec()
-            .and_then(|v| v.first())
-            .copied()
-            .unwrap_or(JsValue::undefined());
-        let msg_val = obj
-            .hash_props_vec()
-            .and_then(|v| v.get(1))
-            .copied()
-            .unwrap_or(JsValue::undefined());
-        (
-            vm.lookup_str(name_val).unwrap_or_else(|| "Error".to_string()),
-            vm.lookup_str(msg_val).unwrap_or_default(),
-        )
-    } else {
-        ("Error".to_string(), String::new())
-    };
-    let result = crate::vm::format_error_message(&name, &msg);
-    NativeResult::Ok(vm.new_string(&result))
-}
-
-pub fn error_stack_getter(vm: &mut Vm, _args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
-    let mut lines = vec![];
-    for frame in vm.frames.iter().rev() {
-        let func_name = vm
-            .kernel_core()
-            .perm_interner()
-            .lookup(frame.function_name)
-            .unwrap_or("<anonymous>");
-        lines.push(format!("    at {} (native)", func_name));
-    }
-    lines.push("    at <anonymous> (native)".to_string());
-    let result = lines.join("\n");
-    NativeResult::Ok(vm.new_string(&result))
-}
-
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::error_stack_getter;
-    use crate::vm::{CallFrame, FrameContinuation, Vm};
-    use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn error_stack_uses_call_frame_function_name() {
-        let mut vm = Vm::new();
-        let name_si = vm.kernel_core().perm_interner().intern("foo").0;
-        vm.frames.push(CallFrame {
-            return_addr: 0,
-            function_name: name_si,
-            caller_reg_limit: 1,
-            saved_reg_offset: 0,
-            saved_this: JsValue::undefined(),
-            saved_new_target: JsValue::undefined(),
-            callee: JsValue::undefined(),
-            construct_result_reg: None,
-            constructed_this: None,
-            is_derived_constructor: false,
-            continuation: FrameContinuation::None,
-        });
-
-        let stack = error_stack_getter(&mut vm, &[0]).unwrap();
-        let stack_str = vm.lookup_str(stack).unwrap_or_default();
-        assert!(stack_str.contains("foo"), "expected function name in stack: {stack_str}");
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/stubs.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/stubs.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 02307a8..0000000
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/builtins/stubs.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-use crate::vm::Vm;
-use oxide_runtime_api::NativeResult;
-
-fn stub_error(vm: &mut Vm, name: &str) -> NativeResult {
-    NativeResult::Err(crate::builtins::error::create_type_error(vm, &format!("{name} is not implemented")))
-}
-
-// Architecturally deferred — these features are excluded from the supported language subset by design.
-pub fn proxy_stub(vm: &mut Vm, _args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
-    stub_error(vm, "Proxy")
-}
-pub fn bigint_stub(vm: &mut Vm, _args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
-    stub_error(vm, "BigInt")
-}
-pub fn weakmap_stub(vm: &mut Vm, _args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
-    stub_error(vm, "WeakMap")
-}
-pub fn weakset_stub(vm: &mut Vm, _args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
-    stub_error(vm, "WeakSet")
-}
-pub fn weakref_stub(vm: &mut Vm, _args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
-    stub_error(vm, "WeakRef")
-}
-pub fn finalization_registry_stub(vm: &mut Vm, _args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
-    stub_error(vm, "FinalizationRegistry")
-}
-pub fn shared_array_buffer_stub(vm: &mut Vm, _args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
-    stub_error(vm, "SharedArrayBuffer")
-}
-pub fn atomics_stub(vm: &mut Vm, _args: &[u8]) -> NativeResult {
-    stub_error(vm, "Atomics")
-}
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/coercion.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/coercion.rs
deleted file mode 100644
index 5c26716..0000000
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/coercion.rs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,343 +0,0 @@
-use crate::vm::Vm;
-use oxide_types::object::JsObject;
-use oxide_types::shape::EMPTY_SHAPE_ID;
-use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
-
-/// Borrow a string value's content. Caller must hold a valid string `JsValue`.
-///
-/// # Safety
-/// `val` must be a string `JsValue` whose `JsString` pointer is alive (session or
-/// permanent string) — the same contract as object-pointer derefs in the VM.
-#[inline]
-unsafe fn string_data(val: JsValue) -> &'static str {
-    (*val.as_string_ptr()).as_str()
-}
-
-/// Content equality of two string values: pointer identity → hash+len reject →
-/// byte compare. Replaces the old interner-index compare.
-#[inline]
-fn string_value_eq(a: JsValue, b: JsValue) -> bool {
-    if a.as_string_ptr() == b.as_string_ptr() {
-        return true;
-    }
-    // SAFETY: both are string JsValues; their JsString pointers are valid.
-    let sa = unsafe { &*a.as_string_ptr() };
-    let sb = unsafe { &*b.as_string_ptr() };
-    sa.hash == sb.hash && sa.data == sb.data
-}
-
-pub fn to_number(val: JsValue) -> f64 {
-    if val.is_int() {
-        return val.as_int() as f64;
-    }
-    if val.is_double() {
-        return val.as_double();
-    }
-    if val.is_bool() {
-        return if val.as_bool() { 1.0 } else { 0.0 };
-    }
-    if val.is_null() {
-        return 0.0;
-    }
-    if val.is_undefined() {
-        return f64::NAN;
-    }
-    if val.is_string() {
-        // SAFETY: val is a string value.
-        let s = unsafe { string_data(val) };
-        return s.parse::<f64>().unwrap_or(f64::NAN);
-    }
-    if val.is_object() {
-        return f64::NAN;
-    }
-    f64::NAN
-}
-
-pub fn to_uint32(val: JsValue) -> u32 {
-    let n = to_number(val);
-    if n == 0.0 || !n.is_finite() {
-        return 0;
-    }
-    n.trunc().rem_euclid(4_294_967_296.0) as u32
-}
-
-pub fn to_int32(val: JsValue) -> i32 {
-    let int = to_uint32(val);
-    if int > i32::MAX as u32 {
-        (int as i64 - 4_294_967_296i64) as i32
-    } else {
-        int as i32
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn to_string(val: JsValue) -> String {
-    if val.is_int() {
-        return val.as_int().to_string();
-    }
-    if val.is_double() {
-        let d = val.as_double();
-        if d.is_nan() {
-            return "NaN".to_string();
-        }
-        if d.is_infinite() {
-            return if d.is_sign_positive() {
-                "Infinity".to_string()
-            } else {
-                "-Infinity".to_string()
-            };
-        }
-        if d.is_finite() && d.fract() == 0.0 {
-            return (d as i64).to_string();
-        }
-        let mut buf = ryu::Buffer::new();
-        return buf.format(d).to_string();
-    }
-    if val.is_bool() {
-        return val.as_bool().to_string();
-    }
-    if val.is_null() {
-        return "null".to_string();
-    }
-    if val.is_undefined() {
-        return "undefined".to_string();
-    }
-    if val.is_string() {
-        // SAFETY: val is a string value.
-        return unsafe { string_data(val) }.to_string();
-    }
-    if val.is_object() {
-        return "[object]".to_string();
-    }
-    String::new()
-}
-
-pub fn to_boolean(val: JsValue) -> bool {
-    if val.is_undefined() || val.is_null() {
-        return false;
-    }
-    if val.is_bool() {
-        return val.as_bool();
-    }
-    if val.is_int() {
-        return val.as_int() != 0;
-    }
-    if val.is_double() {
-        let d = val.as_double();
-        return !(d == 0.0 || d == -0.0 || d.is_nan());
-    }
-    if val.is_string() {
-        // SAFETY: val is a string value.
-        return !unsafe { (*val.as_string_ptr()).is_empty() };
-    }
-    if val.is_object() {
-        return true;
-    }
-    if val.is_symbol() {
-        return true;
-    }
-    false
-}
-
-pub fn abstract_eq(lhs: JsValue, rhs: JsValue) -> bool {
-    if lhs.is_null() && rhs.is_undefined() {
-        return true;
-    }
-    if lhs.is_undefined() && rhs.is_null() {
-        return true;
-    }
-    if lhs.is_string() && rhs.is_string() {
-        return string_value_eq(lhs, rhs);
-    }
-    if lhs.is_int() && rhs.is_int() {
-        return lhs.as_int() == rhs.as_int();
-    }
-    if lhs.is_double() && rhs.is_double() {
-        return strict_double_eq(lhs.as_double(), rhs.as_double());
-    }
-    if lhs.is_bool() && rhs.is_bool() {
-        return lhs.as_bool() == rhs.as_bool();
-    }
-    if lhs.is_null() && rhs.is_null() {
-        return true;
-    }
-    if lhs.is_undefined() && rhs.is_undefined() {
-        return true;
-    }
-    if (lhs.is_int() || lhs.is_double()) && (rhs.is_int() || rhs.is_double()) {
-        return strict_double_eq(to_number(lhs), to_number(rhs));
-    }
-    if (lhs.is_int() || lhs.is_double()) && rhs.is_bool() {
-        return to_number(lhs) == to_number(rhs);
-    }
-    if lhs.is_bool() && (rhs.is_int() || rhs.is_double()) {
-        return to_number(lhs) == to_number(rhs);
-    }
-    if lhs.is_bool() || rhs.is_bool() {
-        return to_number(lhs) == to_number(rhs);
-    }
-    if lhs.is_null() || rhs.is_null() {
-        return false;
-    }
-    if lhs.is_object() || rhs.is_object() {
-        return lhs.is_object() && rhs.is_object() && lhs.as_ptr() == rhs.as_ptr();
-    }
-    false
-}
-
-pub fn strict_eq(lhs: JsValue, rhs: JsValue) -> bool {
-    if lhs.is_int() && rhs.is_int() {
-        return lhs.as_int() == rhs.as_int();
-    }
-    if lhs.is_double() && rhs.is_double() {
-        return strict_double_eq(lhs.as_double(), rhs.as_double());
-    }
-    if lhs.is_bool() && rhs.is_bool() {
-        return lhs.as_bool() == rhs.as_bool();
-    }
-    if lhs.is_null() && rhs.is_null() {
-        return true;
-    }
-    if lhs.is_undefined() && rhs.is_undefined() {
-        return true;
-    }
-    if lhs.is_string() && rhs.is_string() {
-        return string_value_eq(lhs, rhs);
-    }
-    if lhs.is_object() && rhs.is_object() {
-        return lhs.as_ptr() == rhs.as_ptr();
-    }
-    if lhs.is_symbol() && rhs.is_symbol() {
-        return lhs.as_symbol_index() == rhs.as_symbol_index();
-    }
-    false
-}
-
-fn strict_double_eq(a: f64, b: f64) -> bool {
-    if a.is_nan() || b.is_nan() {
-        return false;
-    }
-    a == b
-}
-
-pub fn relational_compare(lhs: JsValue, rhs: JsValue) -> Option<bool> {
-    if lhs.is_string() && rhs.is_string() {
-        // SAFETY: both are string values.
-        let ls = unsafe { string_data(lhs) };
-        let rs = unsafe { string_data(rhs) };
-        return Some(ls < rs);
-    }
-    let l = to_number(lhs);
-    let r = to_number(rhs);
-    if l.is_nan() || r.is_nan() {
-        return None;
-    }
-    l.partial_cmp(&r).map(|o| o.is_lt())
-}
-
-pub fn string_concat(lhs: &str, rhs: &str) -> String {
-    let mut s = String::with_capacity(lhs.len() + rhs.len());
-    s.push_str(lhs);
-    s.push_str(rhs);
-    s
-}
-
-fn to_f64(val: JsValue) -> f64 {
-    if val.is_int() {
-        val.as_int() as f64
-    } else if val.is_double() {
-        val.as_double()
-    } else {
-        f64::NAN
-    }
-}
-
-pub fn same_value(lhs: JsValue, rhs: JsValue) -> bool {
-    if lhs.is_double() && rhs.is_double() {
-        let a = lhs.as_double();
-        let b = rhs.as_double();
-        if a.is_nan() && b.is_nan() {
-            return true;
-        }
-        if a == 0.0 && b == 0.0 {
-            let a_neg = a.is_sign_negative();
-            let b_neg = b.is_sign_negative();
-            return a_neg == b_neg;
-        }
-        return a == b;
-    }
-    if lhs.is_int() && rhs.is_int() {
-        return lhs.as_int() == rhs.as_int();
-    }
-    if (lhs.is_int() || lhs.is_double()) && (rhs.is_int() || rhs.is_double()) {
-        let a = to_f64(lhs);
-        let b = to_f64(rhs);
-        if a.is_nan() && b.is_nan() {
-            return true;
-        }
-        if a == 0.0 && b == 0.0 {
-            return a.is_sign_negative() == b.is_sign_negative();
-        }
-        return a == b;
-    }
-    if lhs.is_bool() && rhs.is_bool() {
-        return lhs.as_bool() == rhs.as_bool();
-    }
-    if lhs.is_null() && rhs.is_null() {
-        return true;
-    }
-    if lhs.is_undefined() && rhs.is_undefined() {
-        return true;
-    }
-    if lhs.is_string() && rhs.is_string() {
-        return string_value_eq(lhs, rhs);
-    }
-    if lhs.is_object() && rhs.is_object() {
-        return lhs.as_ptr() == rhs.as_ptr();
-    }
-    if lhs.is_symbol() && rhs.is_symbol() {
-        return lhs.as_symbol_index() == rhs.as_symbol_index();
-    }
-    false
-}
-
-pub fn strict_equality(lhs: JsValue, rhs: JsValue) -> bool {
-    if lhs.is_double() && rhs.is_double() {
-        return strict_double_eq(lhs.as_double(), rhs.as_double());
-    }
-    same_value(lhs, rhs)
-}
-
-pub fn to_object(val: JsValue, vm: &mut Vm) -> Result<JsValue, String> {
-    if val.is_object() {
-        return Ok(val);
-    }
-    if val.is_null() || val.is_undefined() {
-        return Err(vm.error_message_text("TypeError", "Cannot convert null or undefined to object"));
-    }
-    let (proto_ptr, type_tag) = if val.is_string() {
-        (
-            vm.session().builtin_world().string_proto.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject,
-            JsObject::OBJ_TYPE_STRING_OBJ,
-        )
-    } else if val.is_int() || val.is_double() {
-        (
-            vm.session().builtin_world().number_proto.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject,
-            JsObject::OBJ_TYPE_NUMBER_OBJ,
-        )
-    } else if val.is_bool() {
-        (
-            vm.session().builtin_world().boolean_proto.as_ptr() as *mut JsObject,
-            JsObject::OBJ_TYPE_BOOLEAN_OBJ,
-        )
-    } else {
-        (&*vm.object_prototype as *const JsObject as *mut JsObject, JsObject::OBJ_TYPE_PLAIN)
-    };
-    let proto_val = JsValue::from_js_object(proto_ptr);
-    let obj = vm.alloc_object(JsObject::new_empty(EMPTY_SHAPE_ID, proto_val));
-    let obj_val = JsValue::from_js_object(obj);
-    let obj_ref = unsafe { &mut *obj };
-    obj_ref.type_tag = type_tag;
-    obj_ref.ensure_hash_props().push(val);
-    obj_ref.set_prop_count(1);
-    Ok(obj_val)
-}
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/dispatch/arithmetic.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/dispatch/arithmetic.rs
index 2c5c0e5..397c1ff 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/dispatch/arithmetic.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/dispatch/arithmetic.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-use crate::coercion;
 use crate::vm::Vm;
+use oxide_runtime_api as coercion;
 use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
 
 impl Vm {
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/dispatch/call.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/dispatch/call.rs
index 3d97469..bff0e10 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/dispatch/call.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/dispatch/call.rs
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ impl Vm {
                         format!("{err_val}")
                     };
                     builtins_debug!("native_call err={}", msg);
-                    (crate::builtins::error::create_error(self, &msg), "Error")
+                    (oxide_builtins::error::create_error(self, &msg), "Error")
                 };
                 self.exception_value = Some(error);
                 self.pending_error_kind = Some(kind);
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/dispatch/comparison.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/dispatch/comparison.rs
index 7180e09..ac636e4 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/dispatch/comparison.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/dispatch/comparison.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-use crate::coercion;
 use crate::vm::Vm;
+use oxide_runtime_api as coercion;
 use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
 
 impl Vm {
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/dispatch/control_flow.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/dispatch/control_flow.rs
index 0003046..dce8e4c 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/dispatch/control_flow.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/dispatch/control_flow.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-use crate::coercion;
 use crate::vm::Vm;
 use oxide_bytecode::opcode::{self, Instr};
+use oxide_runtime_api as coercion;
 use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
 
 impl Vm {
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/dispatch/member.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/dispatch/member.rs
index 06931fb..871b8e5 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/dispatch/member.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/dispatch/member.rs
@@ -2,8 +2,8 @@ use oxide_bytecode::opcode::OpCode;
 use oxide_types::object::JsObject;
 use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
 
-use crate::coercion;
 use crate::vm::Vm;
+use oxide_runtime_api as coercion;
 
 impl Vm {
     pub(crate) fn dispatch_member_op(&mut self, op: OpCode, rd: usize, a: usize, b: usize) -> Result<(), String> {
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/lib.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/lib.rs
index 9ba9381..5fc3224 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 #![doc = "OxideJS - Register-based VM with epoch arena memory"]
 
 pub mod bindings;
-pub mod builtins;
-pub mod coercion;
 mod dispatch;
 mod ic_helper;
 pub mod native;
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/session_arena.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/session_arena.rs
index 15aaa60..b02a19b 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/session_arena.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/session_arena.rs
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ use oxide_types::object::JsObject;
 use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
 use rustc_hash::FxBuildHasher;
 
-use crate::builtins::{data_view, map, set, typed_array};
 use crate::vm::Vm;
+use oxide_builtins::{data_view, map, set, typed_array};
 
 impl Vm {
     pub(crate) fn is_session_escape_root_ptr(&self, target_ptr: *mut JsObject) -> bool {
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/session_gc.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/session_gc.rs
index 79e1001..e2bf5b2 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/session_gc.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/session_gc.rs
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ use oxide_types::object::{JsObject, JsString, PropMetaEntry};
 use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
 use rustc_hash::FxBuildHasher;
 
-use crate::builtins::{array_buffer, data_view, map, regexp, set, typed_array};
 use crate::vm::Vm;
+use oxide_builtins::{array_buffer, data_view, map, regexp, set, typed_array};
 
 pub struct SessionGc {
     pub total_collections: u64,
@@ -502,8 +502,8 @@ mod tests {
     use oxide_types::object::JsObject;
 
     use super::*;
-    use crate::builtins::{array_buffer, data_view, map, set, typed_array};
     use crate::vm::{CallFrame, FrameContinuation};
+    use oxide_builtins::{array_buffer, data_view, map, set, typed_array};
     use oxide_runtime_api::NativeResult;
 
     fn plain_object(vm: &mut Vm) -> *mut JsObject {
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/vm.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/vm.rs
index 140e00e..cc45439 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/vm.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/vm.rs
@@ -7,15 +7,15 @@ use oxide_bytecode::opcode::{self, OpCode};
 use smallvec::SmallVec;
 
 pub use crate::bindings::init_kernel_builtins;
-use crate::coercion;
 use crate::native::NativeFn;
 use crate::session_gc::SessionGc;
 use crate::vm_state::{GcState, IterState, ProfilingState, SymbolState};
 use oxide_kernel::kernel::{KernelCore, KernelSession};
+use oxide_runtime_api as coercion;
 use oxide_runtime_api::NativeResult;
 use oxide_types::error::{JsError, JsErrorKind};
 use oxide_types::mem::{Epoch, P};
-use oxide_types::object::{JsObject, NativeFnPtr};
+use oxide_types::object::{JsObject, NativeFnPtr, PropAttributes};
 use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
 
 pub(crate) const MAX_PROTO_CHAIN_DEPTH: usize = 1024;
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ impl Vm {
 
     pub(crate) fn raise_js_error(&mut self, err: JsError) -> Result<(), String> {
         let kind = js_error_kind_name(err.kind);
-        let error = crate::builtins::error::create_kind_error(self, kind, &err.message);
+        let error = oxide_builtins::error::create_kind_error(self, kind, &err.message);
         self.exception_value = Some(error);
         self.pending_error_kind = Some(kind);
         self.unwind()
@@ -1457,3 +1457,121 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(vm.reg(255), JsValue::int(13));
     }
 }
+
+impl oxide_runtime_api::VmHost for Vm {
+    fn reg(&self, idx: u8) -> JsValue {
+        self.reg(idx)
+    }
+    fn set_reg(&mut self, idx: u8, val: JsValue) {
+        self.set_reg(idx, val);
+    }
+    fn alloc_object(&mut self, obj: JsObject) -> *mut JsObject {
+        self.alloc_object(obj)
+    }
+    fn new_string(&mut self, s: &str) -> JsValue {
+        self.new_string(s)
+    }
+    fn kernel_core(&self) -> &Arc<KernelCore> {
+        self.kernel_core()
+    }
+    fn session(&self) -> &KernelSession {
+        self.session()
+    }
+    fn epoch(&self) -> &Epoch {
+        self.epoch()
+    }
+    fn property_key_si(&mut self, val: JsValue) -> u32 {
+        self.property_key_si(val)
+    }
+    fn resolve_property(&self, obj: &JsObject, prop_name_si: u32) -> Option<JsValue> {
+        self.resolve_property(obj, prop_name_si)
+    }
+    fn get_own_property_slot(&self, obj: &JsObject, prop_name_si: u32) -> Option<u32> {
+        self.get_own_property_slot(obj, prop_name_si)
+    }
+    fn ordinary_get(&mut self, obj: &JsObject, prop_name_si: u32, receiver: JsValue) -> Result<JsValue, String> {
+        self.ordinary_get(obj, prop_name_si, receiver)
+    }
+    fn ordinary_set(
+        &mut self, obj: &mut JsObject, prop_name_si: u32, val: JsValue, receiver: JsValue,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        self.ordinary_set(obj, prop_name_si, val, receiver)
+    }
+    fn define_data_property(
+        &mut self, obj: &mut JsObject, prop_name_si: u32, val: JsValue, attributes: PropAttributes,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        self.define_data_property(obj, prop_name_si, val, attributes)
+    }
+    fn define_accessor_property(
+        &mut self, obj: &mut JsObject, prop_name_si: u32, get: JsValue, set: JsValue, attributes: PropAttributes,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        self.define_accessor_property(obj, prop_name_si, get, set, attributes)
+    }
+    fn set_or_create_prop_value(&mut self, obj: &mut JsObject, prop_name_si: u32, val: JsValue) {
+        self.set_or_create_prop_value(obj, prop_name_si, val)
+    }
+    fn lookup_str(&self, val: JsValue) -> Option<String> {
+        self.lookup_str(val)
+    }
+    fn coerce_primitive_bounded(&mut self, value: JsValue, prefer_string: bool) -> Result<JsValue, String> {
+        self.coerce_primitive_bounded(value, prefer_string)
+    }
+    fn coerce_number_bounded(&mut self, value: JsValue) -> Result<f64, String> {
+        self.coerce_number_bounded(value)
+    }
+    fn call_function_sync(&mut self, callee: JsValue, receiver: JsValue, args: &[JsValue]) -> Result<JsValue, String> {
+        self.call_function_sync(callee, receiver, args)
+    }
+    fn checked_object_ptr(&mut self, val: JsValue, error_msg: &str) -> Result<Option<*mut JsObject>, String> {
+        self.checked_object_ptr(val, error_msg)
+    }
+    fn raise_type_error(&mut self, msg: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
+        self.raise_type_error(msg)
+    }
+    fn error_message_text(&self, kind: &str, msg: &str) -> String {
+        self.error_message_text(kind, msg)
+    }
+    fn call_stack_function_names(&self) -> Vec<String> {
+        self.frames
+            .iter()
+            .rev()
+            .map(|f| {
+                self.kernel_core
+                    .perm_interner()
+                    .lookup(f.function_name)
+                    .unwrap_or("<anonymous>")
+                    .to_string()
+            })
+            .collect()
+    }
+    fn promote_if_needed_for_write_ptr(&mut self, target_ptr: *mut JsObject, value: JsValue) -> JsValue {
+        self.promote_if_needed_for_write_ptr(target_ptr, value)
+    }
+    fn step_rng(&mut self) {
+        self.step_rng()
+    }
+    fn math_rng_value(&self) -> f64 {
+        self.math_rng_value()
+    }
+    fn sub_module_function_name(&self, sub_idx: u16) -> String {
+        self.sub_modules
+            .get(sub_idx as usize)
+            .and_then(|m| m.function_name.clone())
+            .unwrap_or_default()
+    }
+    fn symbol_intern(&mut self, desc: String) -> u32 {
+        self.symbols.intern(desc)
+    }
+    fn symbol_description(&self, idx: u32) -> Option<&str> {
+        self.symbols.description(idx)
+    }
+    fn symbol_lookup_global(&self, key: &str) -> Option<u32> {
+        self.symbols.lookup_global(key)
+    }
+    fn symbol_register_global(&mut self, key: String, idx: u32) {
+        self.symbols.register_global(key, idx)
+    }
+    fn symbol_key_for_id(&self, idx: u32) -> Option<String> {
+        self.symbols.key_for_id(idx)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/vm_dispatch_misc.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/vm_dispatch_misc.rs
index c32e2d7..9353d90 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/vm_dispatch_misc.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/vm_dispatch_misc.rs
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use crate::native::NativeFn;
 use crate::vm::{native_fn_ptr_to_fn, CallFrame, ForInIter, FrameContinuation, Vm, MAX_PROTO_CHAIN_DEPTH};
-use oxide_runtime_api::NativeResult;
+use oxide_runtime_api::{to_boolean, NativeResult};
 use oxide_types::object::{JsObject, PropAttributes};
 use oxide_types::private_key::is_private_name_key;
 use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ impl Vm {
             Ok(true)
         } else {
             let error =
-                crate::builtins::error::create_error(self, "NEW_EXPRESSION: bytecode constructors not yet supported");
+                oxide_builtins::error::create_error(self, "NEW_EXPRESSION: bytecode constructors not yet supported");
             self.exception_value = Some(error);
             self.pending_error_kind = Some(self.thrown_error_kind(error));
             self.unwind().map(|_| true)
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ impl Vm {
 
     pub(crate) fn dispatch_for_of_init(&mut self, a: usize) -> Result<(), String> {
         let iterable = self.regs[a];
-        match crate::builtins::iterator::make_iterator_for_value(self, iterable) {
+        match oxide_builtins::iterator::make_iterator_for_value(self, iterable) {
             Ok(iterator) => {
                 self.iters.push_for_of(iterator);
                 self.iters.clear_last_for_of_result();
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ impl Vm {
         let result_obj = unsafe { &*result.as_js_object_ptr() };
         let done_si = self.kernel_core.perm_interner().intern("done").0;
         let done_val = self.ordinary_get(result_obj, done_si, result)?;
-        let done = crate::coercion::to_boolean(done_val);
+        let done = to_boolean(done_val);
         self.iters.set_last_for_of_result(result);
         self.regs[rd] = JsValue::bool(!done);
         Ok(())
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/vm_props.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/vm_props.rs
index 13f3e01..1ea5173 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/vm_props.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/vm_props.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-use crate::coercion;
 use crate::vm::{FrameContinuation, Vm, MAX_PROTO_CHAIN_DEPTH};
+use oxide_runtime_api as coercion;
 use oxide_types::object::{JsObject, PropAttributes, PropMetaEntry};
 use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
 
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/tests/builtins_array_tests.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/tests/builtins_array_tests.rs
index 7882211..82cb780 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/tests/builtins_array_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/tests/builtins_array_tests.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
+use oxide_builtins::array::{array_constructor, array_push};
 use oxide_compiler::compiler::Compiler;
 use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
-use oxide_vm::builtins::array::{array_constructor, array_push};
 use oxide_vm::vm::Vm;
 
 fn eval(source: &str) -> Result<(Vm, JsValue), String> {
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/tests/builtins_boolean_tests.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/tests/builtins_boolean_tests.rs
index b11684f..958455a 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/tests/builtins_boolean_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/tests/builtins_boolean_tests.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
+use oxide_builtins::boolean::{boolean_constructor, boolean_prototype_to_string, boolean_prototype_value_of};
 use oxide_compiler::compiler::Compiler;
 use oxide_types::object::JsObject;
 use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
-use oxide_vm::builtins::boolean::{boolean_constructor, boolean_prototype_to_string, boolean_prototype_value_of};
 use oxide_vm::vm::Vm;
 
 use oxide_kernel::shape_forge::EMPTY_SHAPE_ID;
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/tests/builtins_error_tests.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/tests/builtins_error_tests.rs
index 47a4eb1..58eca22 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/tests/builtins_error_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/tests/builtins_error_tests.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
+use oxide_builtins::error;
 use oxide_compiler::compiler::Compiler;
 use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
-use oxide_vm::builtins::error;
 use oxide_vm::vm::Vm;
 
 fn make_vm() -> Vm {
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/tests/builtins_map_tests.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/tests/builtins_map_tests.rs
index ad3ee11..d4642e4 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/tests/builtins_map_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/tests/builtins_map_tests.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
+use oxide_builtins::map::{map_clear, map_constructor as new_map, map_delete, map_get, map_has, map_set, map_size};
 use oxide_compiler::compiler::Compiler;
 use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
-use oxide_vm::builtins::map::{map_clear, map_constructor as new_map, map_delete, map_get, map_has, map_set, map_size};
 use oxide_vm::vm::Vm;
 
 fn eval(vm: &mut Vm, source: &str) -> Result<JsValue, String> {
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/tests/builtins_set_tests.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/tests/builtins_set_tests.rs
index db4606a..8c6a210 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/tests/builtins_set_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/tests/builtins_set_tests.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
+use oxide_builtins::set::{set_add, set_clear, set_constructor as new_set, set_delete, set_has, set_size};
 use oxide_compiler::compiler::Compiler;
 use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
-use oxide_vm::builtins::set::{set_add, set_clear, set_constructor as new_set, set_delete, set_has, set_size};
 use oxide_vm::vm::Vm;
 
 fn eval(vm: &mut Vm, source: &str) -> Result<JsValue, String> {
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/tests/coercion_tests.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/tests/coercion_tests.rs
index 28a24bb..588cc72 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/tests/coercion_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/tests/coercion_tests.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use oxide_compiler::compiler::Compiler;
 use oxide_parser::Allocator;
+use oxide_runtime_api as coercion;
 use oxide_types::value::JsValue;
-use oxide_vm::coercion;
 use oxide_vm::vm::Vm;
 
 fn eval(source: &str) -> String {