diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/dispatch/call.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/dispatch/call.rs
index ce90c5c..0a8fb01 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/dispatch/call.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/dispatch/call.rs
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ impl Vm {
             self.raise_error_kind("ReferenceError", "super() used outside derived constructor")?;
             return Ok(true);
         }
-        if !self.regs[254].is_undefined() {
+        if frame.super_called {
             self.raise_error_kind("ReferenceError", "super() called more than once")?;
             return Ok(true);
         }
@@ -424,6 +424,7 @@ impl Vm {
             self.raise_error_kind("ReferenceError", "super() without derived this")?;
             return Ok(true);
         };
+        let callee = frame.callee;
 
         let new_target = self.regs[255];
         if !new_target.is_object() {
@@ -431,7 +432,15 @@ impl Vm {
             return Ok(true);
         }
         let new_target_obj = unsafe { &*new_target.as_js_object_ptr() };
-        let super_ctor = new_target_obj.proto();
+        // super 构造器取当前帧 callee（执行中的 derived 构造器）的原型，而非 newTarget：
+        // newTarget 跨 SUPER_CALL 压帧保持为最外层类，取其原型在中间 derived 层会
+        // 解析回同一父类，导致父帧被反复压入（多层继承栈溢出）。
+        if !callee.is_object() {
+            self.raise_error_kind("TypeError", "super() without constructor callee")?;
+            return Ok(true);
+        }
+        let callee_obj = unsafe { &*callee.as_js_object_ptr() };
+        let super_ctor = callee_obj.proto();
         if !super_ctor.is_object() {
             self.raise_error_kind("TypeError", "super constructor is not an object")?;
             return Ok(true);
@@ -459,6 +468,7 @@ impl Vm {
                     }
                     self.regs[254] = instance;
                     self.regs[rd] = self.regs[254];
+                    self.mark_super_called();
                 }
                 NativeResult::Err(err_val) => {
                     self.exception_value = Some(err_val);
@@ -479,6 +489,7 @@ impl Vm {
                             }
                             self.regs[254] = instance;
                             self.regs[rd] = self.regs[254];
+                            self.mark_super_called();
                         }
                         Err(e) => return Err(e),
                     }
@@ -528,6 +539,16 @@ impl Vm {
         Ok(())
     }
 
+    /// 置位当前 derived 帧的 super_called：native super 构造器同步返回后标记
+    /// super() 已成功调用（字节码父构造器路径由 do_return 在返回时置位）。
+    fn mark_super_called(&mut self) {
+        if let Some(frame) = self.frames.last_mut() {
+            if frame.is_derived_constructor {
+                frame.super_called = true;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     pub(crate) fn dispatch_super_get_prop(&mut self, rd: usize, a: usize, b: usize) -> Result<bool, String> {
         vm_trace!("SUPER_GET_PROP rd={} a={} b={}", rd, a, b);
         let key_val = self.regs[b];
@@ -891,7 +912,7 @@ impl Vm {
             self.raise_error_kind("ReferenceError", "super() used outside derived constructor")?;
             return Ok(true);
         }
-        if !self.regs[254].is_undefined() {
+        if frame.super_called {
             self.raise_error_kind("ReferenceError", "super() called more than once")?;
             return Ok(true);
         }
@@ -899,13 +920,22 @@ impl Vm {
             self.raise_error_kind("ReferenceError", "super() without derived this")?;
             return Ok(true);
         };
+        let callee = frame.callee;
+
         let new_target = self.regs[255];
         if !new_target.is_object() {
             self.raise_error_kind("TypeError", "super() new.target is not an object")?;
             return Ok(true);
         }
         let new_target_obj = unsafe { &*new_target.as_js_object_ptr() };
-        let super_ctor = new_target_obj.proto();
+        // 同 dispatch_super_call：super 构造器取当前帧 callee 的原型（newTarget
+        // 保持为最外层类，取其原型在中间 derived 层会反复压入同一父帧）。
+        if !callee.is_object() {
+            self.raise_error_kind("TypeError", "super() without constructor callee")?;
+            return Ok(true);
+        }
+        let callee_obj = unsafe { &*callee.as_js_object_ptr() };
+        let super_ctor = callee_obj.proto();
         if !super_ctor.is_object() {
             self.raise_error_kind("TypeError", "super constructor is not an object")?;
             return Ok(true);
@@ -931,6 +961,7 @@ impl Vm {
                     }
                     self.regs[254] = instance;
                     self.regs[rd] = instance;
+                    self.mark_super_called();
                 }
                 Err(_) => {
                     let exc = self
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/dispatch/misc.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/dispatch/misc.rs
index 0ccef61..46e106b 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/dispatch/misc.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/dispatch/misc.rs
@@ -119,9 +119,13 @@ impl Vm {
 
     pub(crate) fn dispatch_load_var(&mut self, rd: usize, a: usize) -> Result<bool, String> {
         vm_trace!("LOAD_VAR rd={} r{}={:?}", rd, a, self.regs[a]);
+        // a==254 即读 this：derived 构造帧在 super() 成功前读 this 抛 ReferenceError。
         if a == 254
-            && self.frames.last().map(|frame| frame.is_derived_constructor).unwrap_or(false)
-            && self.regs[a].is_undefined()
+            && self
+                .frames
+                .last()
+                .map(|frame| frame.is_derived_constructor && !frame.super_called)
+                .unwrap_or(false)
         {
             self.raise_error_kind("ReferenceError", "must call super constructor before using 'this'")?;
             return Ok(true);
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/session_gc.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/session_gc.rs
index f989313..9091b66 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/session_gc.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/session_gc.rs
@@ -831,6 +831,7 @@ mod tests {
             construct_result_reg: None,
             constructed_this: Some(JsValue::from_js_object(child_session)),
             is_derived_constructor: false,
+            super_called: false,
             continuation: FrameContinuation::None,
         });
         vm.save_stack.push(JsValue::from_js_object(frame_session));
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/suspended.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/suspended.rs
index 5cdd31e..10c3016 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/suspended.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/suspended.rs
@@ -283,6 +283,7 @@ impl SuspendedFrame {
                 construct_result_reg: f.construct_result_reg,
                 constructed_this: f.constructed_this.map(&mut rewrite),
                 is_derived_constructor: f.is_derived_constructor,
+                super_called: f.super_called,
                 continuation: f.continuation,
             }),
             spill_stack: self.spill_stack.iter().copied().map(&mut rewrite).collect(),
@@ -343,6 +344,7 @@ mod tests {
             construct_result_reg: None,
             constructed_this: Some(tag),
             is_derived_constructor: false,
+            super_called: false,
             continuation: FrameContinuation::None,
         }
     }
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/vm.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/vm.rs
index f8a2351..31373d0 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/vm.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/vm.rs
@@ -212,6 +212,14 @@ pub struct CallFrame {
     pub construct_result_reg: Option<u8>,
     pub constructed_this: Option<JsValue>,
     pub is_derived_constructor: bool,
+    /// derived 构造帧是否已成功调用 super()（父构造器正常返回后置位）。
+    ///
+    /// 置位识别依赖 ABI 不变量：`construct_result_reg == Some(254)` 仅 SUPER_CALL
+    /// 压帧产生（emit 从寄存器 ≥1 分配，254 保留给 this）；父构造器抛错走 unwind
+    /// 弹帧不进 do_return，不置位。此标志取代依赖 regs[254] 值判定 super 状态的
+    /// 旧方案——多层继承时中间 derived 帧由 SUPER_CALL 以构造 this 压入，
+    /// regs[254] 恒非 undefined，值判定三重失效。
+    pub super_called: bool,
     pub continuation: FrameContinuation,
 }
 
@@ -1317,6 +1325,7 @@ impl Vm {
             construct_result_reg,
             constructed_this,
             is_derived_constructor: obj.is_derived_constructor(),
+            super_called: false,
             continuation,
         });
 
@@ -2365,6 +2374,7 @@ mod tests {
             construct_result_reg: None,
             constructed_this: None,
             is_derived_constructor: false,
+            super_called: false,
             continuation: super::FrameContinuation::None,
         });
         vm.save_stack.push(JsValue::undefined());
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/vm_dispatch_ctrl.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/vm_dispatch_ctrl.rs
index d9a32dd..ff867a6 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/vm_dispatch_ctrl.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/vm_dispatch_ctrl.rs
@@ -423,12 +423,14 @@ impl Vm {
             let construct_result_reg = frame.construct_result_reg;
             let constructed_this = frame.constructed_this;
             let is_derived_constructor = frame.is_derived_constructor;
+            let super_called = frame.super_called;
             let continuation = frame.continuation;
-            let callee_this = self.regs[254];
             vm_trace!("RETURN frame: continuation={:?}, derived={}", continuation, is_derived_constructor);
             self.restore_frame(frame);
             if let (Some(target_reg), Some(constructed_this)) = (construct_result_reg, constructed_this) {
-                if is_derived_constructor && result.is_undefined() && callee_this.is_undefined() {
+                // 规范 §9.2.2.2：derived 构造器返回非对象值（含 undefined/null/原始值）
+                // 且未调用 super() 时抛 ReferenceError；调过 super() 则回退构造 this。
+                if is_derived_constructor && !result.is_object() && !super_called {
                     self.raise_error_kind("ReferenceError", "derived constructor must call super()")?;
                     return Ok(None);
                 }
@@ -447,6 +449,17 @@ impl Vm {
                     }
                 }
             }
+            // 父构造器正常返回：super() 调用完成，置位调用方 derived 帧的 super_called。
+            // 识别依据：construct_result_reg == Some(254) 仅 SUPER_CALL 压帧产生（emit
+            // 从寄存器 ≥1 分配，254 保留给 this）；父构造器抛错走 unwind 弹帧不进
+            // 本函数，不置位——后续 this 访问 / 再调 super 仍按未初始化报错。
+            if construct_result_reg == Some(254) {
+                if let Some(caller) = self.frames.last_mut() {
+                    if caller.is_derived_constructor {
+                        caller.super_called = true;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
             // 生成器/异步/构造内嵌 dispatch：帧全部弹出后把结果交付恢复方，而非继续执行。
             if self.frames.is_empty() && (self.generator_dispatch || self.async_dispatch || self.construct_dispatch) {
                 // 构造内嵌：弹帧已把构造结果（非对象回退 this）写入 regs[0]，直接交付。
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/tests/class_tests.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/tests/class_tests.rs
index dcc487f..6cea3bd 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/tests/class_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/tests/class_tests.rs
@@ -124,6 +124,100 @@ fn derived_constructor_this_before_super_throws_reference_error() {
     assert!(err.contains("ReferenceError"), "expected ReferenceError, got: {err}");
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn three_level_inheritance_super_chain_constructs_normally() {
+    // 多层继承（≥3 层）：中间 derived 帧由 SUPER_CALL 压入，合法 super() 不得误报
+    // more-than-once，构造链须逐层完成。
+    let mut vm = Vm::new();
+    let result = eval(
+        &mut vm,
+        "class A { constructor(){ this.v = 1; } } class B extends A { constructor(){ super(); this.w = 2; } } class C extends B { constructor(){ super(); this.u = 3; } } var c = new C(); c.v + c.w + c.u",
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    assert_num(result, 6.0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn intermediate_derived_returning_without_super_throws() {
+    // 中间 derived 构造器未调 super 直接 return：须抛 ReferenceError（此前
+    // regs[254] 值判定因 this 为外层构造对象而漏检）。
+    let mut vm = Vm::new();
+    let err = eval(
+        &mut vm,
+        "class A{} class B extends A{ constructor(){ return; } } class C extends B{} new C()",
+    )
+    .unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.contains("ReferenceError"), "expected ReferenceError, got: {err}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn derived_returning_without_super_throws_reference_error() {
+    let mut vm = Vm::new();
+    let err = eval(&mut vm, "class A{} class B extends A{ constructor(){ return; } } new B()").unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.contains("ReferenceError"), "expected ReferenceError, got: {err}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn intermediate_derived_this_before_super_throws() {
+    // 中间 derived 帧由 SUPER_CALL 压入后 super() 前读 this：须抛 ReferenceError。
+    let mut vm = Vm::new();
+    let err = eval(
+        &mut vm,
+        "class A{} class B extends A{ constructor(){ this.x = 1; super(); } } class C extends B{ constructor(){ super(); } } new C()",
+    )
+    .unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.contains("ReferenceError"), "expected ReferenceError, got: {err}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn intermediate_derived_double_super_throws() {
+    // 中间 derived 帧二次调用 super()：须抛 more-than-once（字节码父构造器返回后
+    // 置位 super_called 生效）。
+    let mut vm = Vm::new();
+    let err = eval(
+        &mut vm,
+        "class A{} class B extends A{ constructor(){ super(); super(); } } class C extends B{} new C()",
+    )
+    .unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.contains("ReferenceError"), "expected ReferenceError, got: {err}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn derived_constructor_returning_primitive_without_super_throws() {
+    // 规范 §9.2.2.2：derived 返回非对象值（42/null）且未调 super → ReferenceError，
+    // 而非静默回退构造 this。
+    let mut vm = Vm::new();
+    let err = eval(&mut vm, "class A{} class B extends A{ constructor(){ return 42; } } new B()").unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.contains("ReferenceError"), "expected ReferenceError, got: {err}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn derived_constructor_returning_null_without_super_throws() {
+    let mut vm = Vm::new();
+    let err = eval(&mut vm, "class A{} class B extends A{ constructor(){ return null; } } new B()").unwrap_err();
+    assert!(err.contains("ReferenceError"), "expected ReferenceError, got: {err}");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn derived_constructor_returning_object_overrides_instance() {
+    // derived 返回对象值：直接作为构造结果，不校验 super。
+    let mut vm = Vm::new();
+    let result = eval(&mut vm, "class A{} class B extends A{ constructor(){ return { x: 1 }; } } new B().x").unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(result.as_int(), 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn derived_constructor_primitive_return_after_super_preserves_this() {
+    // derived 调过 super 后返回原始值：回退构造 this，实例字段保留。
+    let mut vm = Vm::new();
+    let result = eval(
+        &mut vm,
+        "class A{ constructor(){ this.v = 5; } } class B extends A{ constructor(){ super(); return 42; } } new B().v",
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    assert_num(result, 5.0);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn derived_method_super_call_uses_current_receiver() {
     let mut vm = Vm::new();