diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/src/dispatch/call.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/src/dispatch/call.rs
index 05ba61fa..0d8b11ce 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/src/dispatch/call.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/src/dispatch/call.rs
@@ -94,20 +94,28 @@ impl Vm {
             NativeResult::TailCall { callee, this, args } => {
                 if callee.is_object() {
                     let obj = unsafe { &*callee.as_js_object_ptr() };
+                    // 不可调用目标（apply/call/bound 转发的 thisArg 不可调用等）抛
+                    // 可捕获 TypeError；落入 push_bytecode_frame 会产生引擎级错误，
+                    // 绕过 JS try/catch。
+                    if !obj.is_function() || (obj.native_fn().is_none() && obj.sub_module_index() == 0) {
+                        return self.raise_type_error("CALL target is not callable");
+                    }
                     if obj.native_fn().is_some() {
                         match self.call_function_sync(callee, this, &args) {
                             Ok(val) => {
                                 self.regs[0] = val;
                                 return Ok(());
                             }
-                            Err(_) => {
+                            Err(e) => {
                                 // call_function_sync 已把 native 错误展平为 String，
                                 // 原始 JsValue 暂存在 last_uncaught_value——恢复为 JS 异常，
-                                // 使外围 try/catch 能捕获（而非作为引擎错误上抛）。
+                                // 使外围 try/catch 能捕获（而非作为引擎错误上抛）；
+                                // 无原值时从展平文本恢复 kind，泛型回退会把种类
+                                // 降级为普通 Error。
                                 let exc = self
                                     .last_uncaught_value
                                     .take()
-                                    .unwrap_or_else(|| oxide_builtins::error::create_error(self, "call failed"));
+                                    .unwrap_or_else(|| oxide_builtins::error::create_from_text(self, &e));
                                 let kind = self.thrown_error_kind(exc);
                                 self.exception_value = Some(exc);
                                 self.pending_error_kind = Some(kind);
@@ -116,6 +124,8 @@ impl Vm {
                             }
                         }
                     }
+                } else {
+                    return self.raise_type_error("CALL target is not callable");
                 }
                 self.push_bytecode_frame(
                     callee,
diff --git a/crates/oxide_vm/tests/builtins_function_tests.rs b/crates/oxide_vm/tests/builtins_function_tests.rs
index a383acd6..b0b70faf 100644
--- a/crates/oxide_vm/tests/builtins_function_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/oxide_vm/tests/builtins_function_tests.rs
@@ -244,6 +244,45 @@ fn bound_function_construct_semantics() {
     }
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn function_apply_non_callable_this_throws_catchable_type_error() {
+    // 不可调用 this（实例原型链含函数）经 apply 转发：抛可捕获 TypeError，
+    // 不得绕过 try/catch 成为引擎级错误。
+    let mut vm = Vm::new();
+    let name = eval(
+        &mut vm,
+        "function FACTORY(){} FACTORY.prototype = Function(); var o = new FACTORY(); try { o.apply(); } catch (e) { e.name }",
+    )
+    .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(vm.lookup_str(name).unwrap_or_default(), "TypeError");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn function_call_non_callable_target_keeps_type_error_kind() {
+    // call 转发到非可调用目标（原始值 thisArg）：内层递归无原值可恢复时，
+    // 错误种类仍须保持 TypeError。
+    let mut vm = Vm::new();
+    for src in [
+        "try { Function.prototype.call.call(undefined, {}) } catch (e) { e.name }",
+        "try { Function.prototype.call.call(null, {}) } catch (e) { e.name }",
+        "try { Function.prototype.call.call({}, {}) } catch (e) { e.name }",
+        "try { Function.prototype.call.call(undefined) } catch (e) { e.name }",
+    ] {
+        let name = eval(&mut vm, src).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(vm.lookup_str(name).unwrap_or_default(), "TypeError", "for {}", src);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn function_call_callable_native_target_still_works() {
+    // 守卫不得误伤合法 native 目标：经 call/apply 转发 native 函数照常执行。
+    let mut vm = Vm::new();
+    let result = eval(&mut vm, "Math.max.call(null, 3, 9)").unwrap();
+    assert_num(result, 9.0);
+    let result = eval(&mut vm, "Math.max.apply(null, [3, 9])").unwrap();
+    assert_num(result, 9.0);
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn bound_function_construct_errors() {
     let mut vm = Vm::new();