# Day_13 · 文件读写与 JSON:让数据活到下次运行 > 预计耗时:25~30 分钟 > 程序一关,变量就没了。想让数据存下来(这就是"持久化",数据库干的事),先从文件开始。 > Django 的数据库、缓存的本质,都是"把数据存起来再读回来"。 ## 今日知识点 - 写文件:`with open("note.txt", "w") as f: f.write(内容)`(`w` = 覆盖写) - 读文件:`with open("note.txt", "r") as f: 内容 = f.read()` - `with` 会自动关文件,不用手动 close - **JSON**:一种"把字典/列表变成文本"的格式,`json.dumps` 变文本、`json.loads` 变回数据 - 为什么重要:HTTP 接口传输的数据、配置文件,全是 JSON 格式 ## 先学(教程) - 菜鸟教程("文件方法"一节,看 open/read/write 即可):https://www.runoob.com/python3/python3-file-methods.html - 菜鸟教程("JSON"一节):https://www.runoob.com/python3/python3-json.html - B站黑马教程(看讲"文件操作"的几集):https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1qW4y1a7fU/ ## 任务(后做) 新建 `day13.py`: 1. 写入再读回: ```python text = input("写一句话存起来:") with open("note.txt", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f: f.write(text) with open("note.txt", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f: content = f.read() print("读回来的是:", content) ``` 运行后确认同目录出现了 `note.txt`,且内容一致。(注意 `encoding="utf-8"`,否则中文会乱码。) 2. 用 JSON 存字典: ```python import json user = {"name": "张三", "age": 18, "city": "青岛"} with open("user.json", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f: json.dump(user, f, ensure_ascii=False) # ensure_ascii=False 让中文可读 with open("user.json", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f: loaded = json.load(f) print(loaded["name"], loaded["age"]) # 从文件里还原的字典 ``` 3. **进阶(加分)**:把 Day_5 的"三个用户列表"用 `json.dump` 存进 `users.json`, 再读回来遍历打印每个人的名字。 ## 完成标准 - [ ] note.txt 和 user.json 出现在同目录,读回内容一致 - [ ] 能说出 `json.dump` 和 `json.load` 各是干嘛的 - [ ] (进阶)用户列表存取成功 **提交方式**:把 `day13.py` 代码贴在当日工单评论里。 ## 参考解答(先做再看) ```python text = input("写一句话存起来:") with open("note.txt", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f: f.write(text) with open("note.txt", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f: print("读回来的是:", f.read()) import json user = {"name": "张三", "age": 18, "city": "青岛"} with open("user.json", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f: json.dump(user, f, ensure_ascii=False) with open("user.json", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f: loaded = json.load(f) print(loaded["name"], loaded["age"]) # 进阶 users = [ {"name": "张三", "age": 19}, {"name": "李四", "age": 20}, {"name": "王五", "age": 18}, ] with open("users.json", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f: json.dump(users, f, ensure_ascii=False) with open("users.json", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f: for u in json.load(f): print(u["name"]) ```